{
  "annotation_id": "fed009b8-3c8c-4a74-9d0b-a179f2e2142b",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:01:28.603000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:01:28.603000Z",
  "file_hash": "c114c6788f94858313991b130f19a7f30d4f027f9dcc81535b12b52bd837aeed",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "We propose a generic model of eco-systems, with a {\\it hierarchical} food web\nstructure. In our computer simulations we let the eco-system evolve\ncontinuously for so long that that we can monitor extinctions as well as\nspeciations over geological time scales. {\\it Speciation} leads not only to\nhorizontal diversification of species at any given trophic level but also to\nvertical bio-diversity that accounts for the emergence of complex species from\nsimpler forms of life. We find that five or six trophic levels appear as the\neco-system evolves for sufficiently long time, starting initially from just one\nsingle level. Moreover, the time intervals between the successive collections\nof ecological data is so short that we could also study ``micro\u0027\u0027-evolution of\nthe eco-system, i.e., the birth, ageing and death of individual organisms.",
    "arxiv_id": "q-bio/0311002",
    "authors": [
      "Debashish Chowdhury",
      "Dietrich Stauffer"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "q-bio.PE"
    ],
    "doi": "10.1016/j.physa.2004.05.023",
    "title": "Computer simulations of history of life: speciation, emergence of   complex species from simpler organisms, and extinctions",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/q-bio/0311002"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "72eedefc-bd12-4c54-9aac-d4312ad4a087",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}