{
  "annotation_id": "fe030113-79d5-4f99-84cf-9d8e773cf92d",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:01:07.463000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:01:07.463000Z",
  "file_hash": "353fa7a7c4289adf9bdf5df1622bcdd4f06c3621d7a8428b15adffe95c1eb313",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "According to the theory of relativity, the 4-vector force acting on a\nparticle is orthogonal to the 4-vector velocity of the particle, but we found\nthat the electromagnetic force of the Maxwell\u0027s theory can not completely\nsatisfy this orthogonality, this incompletion leads us to find that the\nelectromagnetic force has two independent components in the 4 dimensional space\ntime. A 4-vector force has 4 components, because of the orthogonality of\n4-vector force and 4-vector velocity, the number of independent components of\nthe force reduces to 3, while the electromagnetic force can merely provide 2\nindependent components, this situation means that there is an undefined\ncomponent accompanying the electromagnetic force. This missing undefined\ncomponent may serve as a hidden variable which quantum mechanics is eager to\nfind for a long time. The primary purpose of this paper is to strictly proof\nthat the electromagnetic force has two independent components in the 4\ndimensional space time. We also briefly discuss the possibility that the\nundefined component of the electromagnetic force serves as a hidden variable\nfor quantum mechanics.",
    "arxiv_id": "physics/0603091",
    "authors": [
      "Huai-yang Cui"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "physics.gen-ph",
      "physics.class-ph"
    ],
    "title": "A defect of the electromagnetism and it serves as a hidden variable for   quantum mechanics",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0603091"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "1d2d1130-971d-42b4-b8fb-ad4fb5beca76",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}