{
  "annotation_id": "fc2fd7d0-2c6e-4896-bc50-b424d35b0171",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:02:20.744000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:02:20.744000Z",
  "file_hash": "80ec80a60e9d3ce5bcad4f06ec41c1b3024eb6fc4052d965894c89deb6f12f42",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "All beams of electromagnetic radiation are made of photons. Therefore, it is\nimportant to find a precise relationship between the classical properties of\nthe beam and the quantum characteristics of the photons that make a particular\nbeam. It is shown that this relationship is best expressed in terms of the\nRiemann-Silberstein vector -- a complex combination of the electric and\nmagnetic field vectors -- that plays the role of the photon wave function. The\nWhittaker representation of this vector in terms of a single complex function\nsatisfying the wave equation greatly simplifies the analysis. Bessel beams,\nexact Laguerre-Gauss beams, and other related beams of electromagnetic\nradiation can be described in a unified fashion. The appropriate photon quantum\nnumbers for these beams are identified. Special emphasis is put on the angular\nmomentum of a single photon and its connection with the angular momentum of the\nbeam.",
    "arxiv_id": "quant-ph/0511011",
    "authors": [
      "Iwo Bialynicki-Birula",
      "Zofia Bialynicka-Birula"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "quant-ph"
    ],
    "doi": "10.1016/j.optcom.2005.11.071",
    "title": "Beams of electromagnetic radiation carrying angular momentum: The   Riemann-Silberstein vector and the classical-quantum correspondence",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0511011"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "6001d085-2ace-45ad-9c34-17ae50e4ffe1",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}