{
  "annotation_id": "f9ab12dd-9970-440c-81f2-2d5ab2126b6c",
  "date_created": "2026-02-17T05:53:04.123000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-02-17T05:53:04.123000Z",
  "file_hash": "3025c6cfe07ff5634acadc0d438e82528b365a059066b31a1acc3af90aa0b647",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "In Differential GNSS (DGNSS) positioning, differencing measurements between a user and a reference station suppresses common-mode errors but also introduces reference-station noise, which fundamentally limits accuracy. This limitation is minor for high-grade stations but becomes significant when using reference infrastructure of mixed quality. This paper investigates how large-scale user cooperation can mitigate the impact of reference-station noise in conventional (non-cooperative) DGNSS systems. We develop a unified estimation framework for cooperative DGNSS (C-DGNSS) and cooperative real-time kinematic (C-RTK) positioning, and derive parameterized expressions for their Fisher information matrices as functions of network size, satellite geometry, and reference-station noise. This formulation enables theoretical analysis of estimation performance, identifying regimes where cooperation asymptotically restores the accuracy of DGNSS with an ideal (noise-free) reference. Simulations validate these theoretical findings.",
    "arxiv_id": "2601.06012",
    "authors": [
      "Helena Calatrava",
      "Daniel Medina",
      "Pau Closas"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "eess.SP",
      "stat.AP"
    ],
    "license": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
    "title": "Cooperative Differential GNSS Positioning: Estimators and Bounds",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.06012",
    "version": "v1"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "3723e4a6-1ac4-41ea-b899-93cea7f6425f",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-01-17",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}