{
  "annotation_id": "f4bde04d-6370-4acb-ad4d-c5b578fd7c63",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:01:25.133000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:01:25.133000Z",
  "file_hash": "9217aa79bcc6c3897be0e80d2a2550d03e9cc736cf931b6a8d6e5e3816ae668c",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "A number of years ago the estimates of astronomers and astrophysicists were\nthat the earliest galaxies took about 2.5 to 3 billion years to form, that is,\nthat they did not appear until 2.5 to 3 billion years after the Big Bang. Those\nestimates were based on analysis of the processes involved in star formation\nand in the aggregation and \"clumping\" of matter in the early universe.\n  Since then improved equipment and techniques, e.g. Keck and Hubble telescopes\nand gravitational lensing, have resulted in reports of observation of early\ngalaxies having stars that formed as early as 300 million years after the Big\nBang.\n  Such new data has led to the abandonment of the several billion years\nestimates of the time required for star and galaxy formation; however, an\nalternative response to the data would be to re-examine the Hubble theory from\nwhich the age of the universe and the distance to high redshift objects is\ndetermined.",
    "arxiv_id": "physics/9906031",
    "authors": [
      "Roger Ellman"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "physics.gen-ph"
    ],
    "license": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
    "title": "The Problem of the Age of the Universe and the Earliest Galaxies",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/9906031"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "f3eb9da7-0b3d-41d7-911a-622dfd2a4ea0",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}