{
  "annotation_id": "f2baae70-0da0-47e1-89cd-34fdbb6d0107",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:00:49.649000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:00:49.649000Z",
  "file_hash": "ea0b6fea73ea4c15bf013b9e39fca82e39b47b8eb1a84449e79c72d55bd59593",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "We study the performances of gaseous and two-phase (liquid-gas) cryogenic\ndetectors of ionizing radiation based on gas electron multipliers (GEMs) and\noperated in an avalanche mode in pure noble gases. The gas amplification in He,\nAr and Kr is systematically studied at low temperatures, using triple-GEM\nmultipliers. High gains, exceeding 10^4, were obtained in these gases in the\nrange of 120-300 K. Stable electron avalanching was demonstrated in a saturated\nKr vapor in the two-phase mode. These results are relevant for understanding\nbasic mechanisms of electron avalanching at low temperatures and for\napplications in cryogenic particle detectors, in particular in dark matter and\nsolar neutrino detectors.",
    "arxiv_id": "physics/0403066",
    "authors": [
      "A. Bondar",
      "A. Buzulutskov",
      "L. Shekhtman",
      "R. Snopkov",
      "Y. Tikhonov"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "physics.ins-det"
    ],
    "doi": "10.1016/j.nima.2004.01.060",
    "journal_ref": "Nucl.Instrum.Meth. A524 (2004) 130-141",
    "title": "Cryogenic avalanche detectors based on gas electron multipliers",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0403066"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "5a599bc8-6768-47f8-ae56-6636a14b7ec3",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}