{
  "annotation_id": "ebe764f3-1efb-45eb-9e9b-70f130cd2aab",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:00:57.229000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:00:57.229000Z",
  "file_hash": "604b16763a3feeeec489f2be63990871f8db1de776d8a1988fdc40c4f4c8964b",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "The similarity of the evolution of human languages (or alphabets, bird songs,\n\u003e...) to biological evolution of species is utilized to study with up to $10^9$\npeople the rise and fall of languages either by macroscopic differential\nequations similar to biological Lotka-Volterra equation, or by microscopic\nMonte Carlo simulations of bit-strings incorporating the birth, maturity, and\ndeath of every individual. For our bit-string model, depending on parameters\neither one language comprises the majority of speakers (dominance), or the\npopulation splits into many languages having in order of magnitude the same\nnumber of speakers (fragmentation); in the latter case the size distribution is\nlog-normal, with upward deviations for small sizes, just as in reality for\nhuman languages. On a lattice two different dominating languages can coexist in\nneighbouring regions, without being favoured or disfavoured by different\nstatus. We deal with modifications and competition for existing languages, not\nwith the evolution or learning of one language.",
    "arxiv_id": "physics/0503101",
    "authors": [
      "Dietrich Stauffer",
      "Christian Schulze"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "physics.soc-ph"
    ],
    "doi": "10.1016/j.plrev.2005.03.001",
    "title": "Microscopic and Macroscopic Simulation of Competition between Languages",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0503101"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "da03c3d3-e6ba-442f-97ac-28ce63f0ae47",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}