{
  "annotation_id": "e062b12d-2e6e-4e12-a318-ae2d7c184155",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:00:59.811000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:00:59.811000Z",
  "file_hash": "4fdace0baddfba2774b658aa34e962255cf113edce6a5ca072b642ac772176b2",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "Standard formulae of classical electromagnetism for the forces between\nelectric charges in motion derived from retarded potentials are compared with\nthose obtained from a recently developed relativistic classical electrodynamic\ntheory with an instantaneous inter-charge force. Problems discussed include\nsmall angle Rutherford scattering, Jackson\u0027s recent `torque paradox\u0027 and\ncircular Keplerian orbits. Results consistent with special relativity are\nobtained only with an instantaneous interaction. The impossiblity of stable\ncircular motion with retarded fields in either classical electromagnetism or\nNewtonian gravitation is demonstrated.",
    "arxiv_id": "physics/0507150",
    "authors": [
      "J. H. Field"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "physics.class-ph"
    ],
    "doi": "10.1142/S0217751X08038184",
    "journal_ref": "Int. J. Mod. Phys. A Vol 23 No 2, 327 (2008)",
    "title": "Forces between electric charges in motion: Rutherford scattering,   circular Keplerian orbits, action-at-a-distance and Newton\u0027s third law in   relativistic classical electrodynamics",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0507150"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "44e6e0c1-e05a-45ac-9694-c8ba6ba8c103",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}