{
  "annotation_id": "cf6c93fa-fff2-4365-87c3-34cb020768b3",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:02:20.158000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:02:20.158000Z",
  "file_hash": "e7a8cc90885e6944927e18bc476f5449f045cbff7f9d7231998b85c16440dad3",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "A general quantum theory encompassing Mechanics, Thermodynamics and\nirreversible dynamics is presented in two parts. The first part is concerned\nexclusively with the description of the states of any individual physical\nsystem. It is based on a new nonlinear quantum equation of motion, which\nreduces to the Schroedinger equation of motion of motion of conventional\nquantum dynamics only under special conditions. It accounts for the\nimplications of the laws of Thermodynamics as well as for irreversible\nphenomena, such as the natural tendency of an isolated system to transit from\nany non-equilibrium state to an equilibrium state of higher entropy.\nConversely, the laws of Thermodynamics and irreversibility emerge as\nmanifestations of the fundamental quantum dynamical behaviour of the elementary\nconstituents of any material system. We call this part Quantum Thermodynamics.\nThe second part of the theory, which contains the first as a special case, is\nconcerned with the description of stochastic distributions of states in an\nensemble of identical physical systems each of which individually obeys the\nlaws of Quantum Thermodynamics. It is based on a new measure-theoretic\ndescription of ensembles. It accounts unambiguously for the essential\ndistinction between two types of uncertainties that are generally present in an\nensemble, namely, quantal uncertainties due to the inherent quantal nature of\nthe states of each individual member system and nonquantal uncertainties due to\nthe stochastic distribution of states. We call this part Quantum Statistical\nThermodynamics.",
    "arxiv_id": "quant-ph/0509116",
    "authors": [
      "Gian Paolo Beretta"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "quant-ph"
    ],
    "title": "On the general equation of motion of quantum thermodynamics and the   distinction between quantal and nonquantal uncertainties",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0509116"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "6a11b7b9-4798-4d3b-a575-8ea76772f306",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}