{
  "annotation_id": "cbfe9d7b-7521-44ca-9ee6-113ef2e5866a",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:01:03.410000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:01:03.410000Z",
  "file_hash": "bf583e5ca216c3184cda7ccc3675ce898dfce0c2727a4b0291c4d78be505d686",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "This paper presents an analysis of how to calculate bit error ratio (BER)\nwith physical explanation for optically pre-amplified DPSK receivers using\noptical Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) demodulation and balanced detection.\nIt is shown that BER calculation method for this kind of receivers is different\nfrom the conventional calculation method used widely for IM/DD receivers. An\nanalytical relationship in receiver sensitivity between DPSK receivers using\nMZI demodulation with balanced detection and IM/DD receivers (or DPSK receivers\nusing MZI demodulation and single-port detection) is given based on the\nGaussian noise approximation. Our calculation method correctly predicts the\n3-dB improvement of receiver sensitivity by using balanced detection over\nsingle-port detection or IM/DD receivers. Furthermore, quantum-limited DPSK\nreceivers with MZI demodulation are also analyzed.",
    "arxiv_id": "physics/0601019",
    "authors": [
      "Xiupu Zhang",
      "Zhenqian Qu",
      "Lei Wang"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "physics.optics"
    ],
    "doi": "10.1117/12.707686",
    "title": "Calculation of Bit Error Ratio for Optically Pre-Amplified DPSK   Receivers Using Optical Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Demodulation and Balanced   Detection",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0601019"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "38ddcc5d-3ddf-461a-91c9-48c9d9e4cf28",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}