{
  "annotation_id": "c6c49c55-6f7a-43d4-b454-d5b4d9c2df61",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:01:00.067000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:01:00.067000Z",
  "file_hash": "f52afe014bc908bd7ce518374a56718cb16639916876dc5199a04b201aeea01a",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "We describe three apparatus, known as the large, medium, and small apparatus,\nused for high-precision measurements of the Nusselt number N as a function of\nthe Rayleigh number R for cylindrical samples of fluid and present results\nillustrating the influence of the finite conductivity of the top and bottom\nplates on the heat transport in the fluid. We used water samples at a mean\ntemperature of 40 degrees C (Prandtl number sigma = 4.4). The samples in the\nlarge apparatus had a diameter D of 49.69 cm and heights L = 116.33, 74.42,\n50.61, and 16.52 cm. For the medium apparatus we had D = 24.81 cm, and L =\n90.20 and 24.76 cm. The small apparatus contained a sample with D = 9.21 cm,\nand L = 9.52 cm. For each aspect ratio Gamma = D/L the data covered a range of\na little over a decade of R. The maximum R = 10^12 with Nusselt numbers N = 600\nwas reached for Gamma = 0.43. Measurements were made with both Aluminum and\nCopper top and bottom plates of nominally identical size and shape. For the\nlarge and medium apparatus the results with Aluminum plates fall below those\nobtained with Copper plates, thus confirming qualitatively the prediction by\nVerzicco that plates of finite conductivity diminish the heat transport in the\nfluid. The Nusselt number N_infinity for plates with infinite conductivity was\nestimated by fitting simultaneously Aluminum- and Copper-plate data sets to an\neffective powerlaw for N_infinity multiplied by a correction factor f(X) = 1 -\nexp[-(aX)^b] that depends on the ratio X of the thermal resistance of the fluid\nto that of the plates as suggested by Verzicco. Within their uncertainties the\nparameters a and b were independent of Gamma for the large apparatus and showed\na small Gamma-dependence for the medium apparatus. The correction was larger\nfor the large, smaller for the medium, and negligible for the small apparatus.",
    "arxiv_id": "physics/0507053",
    "authors": [
      "Eric Brown",
      "Alexei Nikolaenko",
      "Denis Funfschilling",
      "Guenter Ahlers"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "physics.flu-dyn"
    ],
    "doi": "10.1063/1.1964987",
    "title": "Heat transport in turbulent Rayleigh-Benard convection: Effect of finite   top- and bottom-plate conductivity",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0507053"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "e7887320-cd6b-42a3-b082-017e3552bd88",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}