{
  "annotation_id": "a827f92d-2df8-487e-969c-99cb882f34ef",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:00:57.115000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:00:57.115000Z",
  "file_hash": "ca7c2b6803753214f2f63c517705f0859310df5b48e32898bb2882975fa437a8",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "A pellet target produces micro-spheres of different materials, which are used\nas an internal target for nuclear and particle physics studies. We will\ndescribe the pellet hydrogen behavior by means of fluid dynamics and\nthermodynamics. In particular one aim is to theoretically understand the\ncooling effect in order to find an effective method to optimize the working\nconditions of a pellet target. During the droplet formation the evaporative\ncooling is best described by a multi-droplet diffusion-controlled model, while\nin vacuum, the evaporation follows the (revised) Hertz-Knudsen formula.\nExperimental observations compared with calculations clearly indicated the\npresence of supercooling, the effect of which is discussed as well.",
    "arxiv_id": "physics/0503054",
    "authors": [
      "O. Nordhage",
      "Z. -K. Li",
      "C. -J. Friden",
      "G. Norman",
      "U. Wiedner"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "physics.ins-det"
    ],
    "doi": "10.1016/j.nima.2005.03.160",
    "title": "On the behavior of micro-spheres in a hydrogen pellet target",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0503054"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "a862b595-aa63-474e-91c9-a2c7598046ad",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}