{
  "annotation_id": "a55b613b-0113-4d35-b805-6f2ca42611b4",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:02:24.146000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:02:24.146000Z",
  "file_hash": "546f493248d1abb15152556f1bccb57b3c0d113d708a964407b2667ddee86700",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "It is currently believed that light quantum or the quantization of light\nenergy is beyond classical physics and the picture of wave-particle duality,\nwhich was criticized by Einstein but attracted a number of experimental\nresearches, is necessary for the description of light. We show in this paper,\nhowever, that the quantization of light energy in vacuum, which is the same as\nthat in quantum electrodynamics, can be derived directly from the classical\nelectromagnetic theory through the consideration of statistics based on\nclassical physics. Therefore, the quantization of energy is an intrinsic\nproperty of light as a classical electromagnetic wave and has no need of being\nrelated to particles.",
    "arxiv_id": "quant-ph/0512097",
    "authors": [
      "Wei-Long She"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "quant-ph"
    ],
    "doi": "10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/024",
    "journal_ref": "Published in Chinese Physics 14, 2514-2521(2005); Online\n  www.iop.org/journals/cp",
    "title": "Quantization of Light Energy Directly from Classical Electromagnetic   Theory in Vacuum",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0512097"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "9f1c901a-ee05-44ef-8bdb-8e1e37aeb602",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}