dorsal/arxiv
View SchemaHidden pattern of self-invariant cosmic expansion: Empirical evidence from Hubble diagram of supernovae
| Authors | Hoang Ky Nguyen |
|---|---|
| Categories | |
| ArXiv ID | 2601.05512vv3 |
| URL | https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.05512 |
| License | http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/ |
Abstract
We present empirical evidence extracted from the Pantheon Catalog of SNeIa demonstrating that the speed of light varies as the universe expands. Moreover, the speed of light must vary in a specific quantifiable manner. Departing from the standard $\Lambda$CDM model, we reformulate the kinematics of late-time acceleration by employing Dolgov's power-law cosmology $a=\left(t/t_{0}\right)^{\mu}$ [Phys. Rev. D 55, 5881 (1997)] and Barrow's varying speed of light $c=c_{0}\,a^{-\zeta}$ [Phys. Rev. D 59, 043515 (1999)]. In this cosmology, light traveling through an expanding universe undergoes an additional refraction caused by the varying c along its path, resulting in a modified Lemaitre redshift formula $1+z=a^{-(1+\zeta)}$. Despite its parsimony, the model achieves a high-quality fit to the Pantheon Catalog of SNeIa and exhibits a strong degeneracy along the locus $(1+\zeta)\,\mu=1$. This empirical relation indicates a self-invariant cosmic evolution: at all instants during the late-time epoch, the speed of light is exactly proportional to the rate of cosmic expansion, viz. $c=\mu^{-1}c_{0}\,t_{0}\,\frac{da}{dt}$, a characteristic that is absent in the $\Lambda$CDM model. This synchronous behavior between $c$ and $da/dt$ has profound cosmological implications that we will discuss, regarding (i) the nature of late-time acceleration; (ii) the horizon problem; (iii) Kolb's coasting universe model [Astrophys. J. 344, 543 (1989)]; (iv) a generalization of the cosmological principle to the time domain; and (v) the emergence of a novel conformally flat metric applicable to cosmology. This newfound kinematic $c\propto da/dt$ relation, if further corroborated, will represent a stringent requirement that any viable dynamical model of cosmology must satisfy -- a requirement that the $\Lambda$CDM model does not fulfill.
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"abstract": "We present empirical evidence extracted from the Pantheon Catalog of SNeIa demonstrating that the speed of light varies as the universe expands. Moreover, the speed of light must vary in a specific quantifiable manner. Departing from the standard $\\Lambda$CDM model, we reformulate the kinematics of late-time acceleration by employing Dolgov\u0027s power-law cosmology $a=\\left(t/t_{0}\\right)^{\\mu}$ [Phys. Rev. D 55, 5881 (1997)] and Barrow\u0027s varying speed of light $c=c_{0}\\,a^{-\\zeta}$ [Phys. Rev. D 59, 043515 (1999)]. In this cosmology, light traveling through an expanding universe undergoes an additional refraction caused by the varying c along its path, resulting in a modified Lemaitre redshift formula $1+z=a^{-(1+\\zeta)}$. Despite its parsimony, the model achieves a high-quality fit to the Pantheon Catalog of SNeIa and exhibits a strong degeneracy along the locus $(1+\\zeta)\\,\\mu=1$. This empirical relation indicates a self-invariant cosmic evolution: at all instants during the late-time epoch, the speed of light is exactly proportional to the rate of cosmic expansion, viz. $c=\\mu^{-1}c_{0}\\,t_{0}\\,\\frac{da}{dt}$, a characteristic that is absent in the $\\Lambda$CDM model. This synchronous behavior between $c$ and $da/dt$ has profound cosmological implications that we will discuss, regarding (i) the nature of late-time acceleration; (ii) the horizon problem; (iii) Kolb\u0027s coasting universe model [Astrophys. J. 344, 543 (1989)]; (iv) a generalization of the cosmological principle to the time domain; and (v) the emergence of a novel conformally flat metric applicable to cosmology. This newfound kinematic $c\\propto da/dt$ relation, if further corroborated, will represent a stringent requirement that any viable dynamical model of cosmology must satisfy -- a requirement that the $\\Lambda$CDM model does not fulfill.",
"arxiv_id": "2601.05512",
"authors": [
"Hoang Ky Nguyen"
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"license": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
"title": "Hidden pattern of self-invariant cosmic expansion: Empirical evidence from Hubble diagram of supernovae",
"url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.05512",
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