dorsal/arxiv
View SchemaThe Genetic Code Boolean Lattice
| Authors | Robersy Sanchez, Eberto Morgado, Ricardo Grau |
|---|---|
| Categories | |
| ArXiv ID | q-bio/0412034 |
| URL | https://arxiv.org/abs/q-bio/0412034 |
| Journal | Published in MATCH Commun. Math. Comput. Chem 52, 29-46. (2004) |
Abstract
The algebraic structures of the genetic code are most important to obtain additional information about the semantic code and its applications. In this paper we define two dual Boolean codon lattices of the genetic code using hydrogen bond numbers and the chemical types of bases: purines and pyrimidines. The Boolean lattices reflect the role of hydrophobicity in the distribution of codon assignments to each amino acid. Particularly, the symmetric images of codons with adenine as second base coding to hydrophilic amino acids are always codons with uracil as second base coding to hydrophobic amino acids as they represented in the Hasse diagrams. The Hamming distance between two codons in the Hasse diagram reflects the different hydrophobicities between their respective coded amino acids. Our experiments have demonstrated a small Hamming distance to the wild type HXB2 of almost all the drug-resistant reported mutations in HIV protease gene. The human beta-globin mutant genes have also exhibited similar results. Our research suggests that the Hamming distance between two genes in the molecular evolution process have a minimal value.
{
"annotation_id": "97f24bf3-ec26-4ff4-b202-bdb95b3e77cd",
"date_created": "2026-03-02T18:01:32.342000Z",
"date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:01:32.342000Z",
"file_hash": "361fb7db338071e230e15d4f599f8f5e5c75822a7583ad6b3d269d2a33a0ee3f",
"private": false,
"record": {
"abstract": "The algebraic structures of the genetic code are most important to obtain\nadditional information about the semantic code and its applications. In this\npaper we define two dual Boolean codon lattices of the genetic code using\nhydrogen bond numbers and the chemical types of bases: purines and pyrimidines.\nThe Boolean lattices reflect the role of hydrophobicity in the distribution of\ncodon assignments to each amino acid. Particularly, the symmetric images of\ncodons with adenine as second base coding to hydrophilic amino acids are always\ncodons with uracil as second base coding to hydrophobic amino acids as they\nrepresented in the Hasse diagrams. The Hamming distance between two codons in\nthe Hasse diagram reflects the different hydrophobicities between their\nrespective coded amino acids. Our experiments have demonstrated a small Hamming\ndistance to the wild type HXB2 of almost all the drug-resistant reported\nmutations in HIV protease gene. The human beta-globin mutant genes have also\nexhibited similar results. Our research suggests that the Hamming distance\nbetween two genes in the molecular evolution process have a minimal value.",
"arxiv_id": "q-bio/0412034",
"authors": [
"Robersy Sanchez",
"Eberto Morgado",
"Ricardo Grau"
],
"categories": [
"q-bio.QM",
"q-bio.GN"
],
"journal_ref": "Published in MATCH Commun. Math. Comput. Chem 52, 29-46. (2004)",
"title": "The Genetic Code Boolean Lattice",
"url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/q-bio/0412034"
},
"schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
"source": {
"execution_id": "9e067beb-7e4a-4787-ac9f-8febc5797c28",
"id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
"type": "Model",
"variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
"version": "0.1.0"
},
"user_id": 1000002
}