dorsal/arxiv
View SchemaThree qubits can be entangled in two inequivalent ways
| Authors | W. Dür, G. Vidal, J. I. Cirac |
|---|---|
| Categories | |
| ArXiv ID | quant-ph/0005115 |
| URL | https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0005115 |
| DOI | 10.1103/PhysRevA.62.062314 |
| Journal | Phys. Rev. A 62, 062314 (2000) |
Abstract
Invertible local transformations of a multipartite system are used to define equivalence classes in the set of entangled states. This classification concerns the entanglement properties of a single copy of the state. Accordingly, we say that two states have the same kind of entanglement if both of them can be obtained from the other by means of local operations and classical communcication (LOCC) with nonzero probability. When applied to pure states of a three-qubit system, this approach reveals the existence of two inequivalent kinds of genuine tripartite entanglement, for which the GHZ state and a W state appear as remarkable representatives. In particular, we show that the W state retains maximally bipartite entanglement when any one of the three qubits is traced out. We generalize our results both to the case of higher dimensional subsystems and also to more than three subsystems, for all of which we show that, typically, two randomly chosen pure states cannot be converted into each other by means of LOCC, not even with a small probability of success.
{
"annotation_id": "8fe6d7a2-00dc-458a-924b-d7998949ffff",
"date_created": "2026-03-02T18:01:39.309000Z",
"date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:01:39.309000Z",
"file_hash": "e31a5f76bf288a9c53b3bc7efcf6836ca3eb5e17ff4adc421fd2330dfab5d28a",
"private": false,
"record": {
"abstract": "Invertible local transformations of a multipartite system are used to define\nequivalence classes in the set of entangled states. This classification\nconcerns the entanglement properties of a single copy of the state.\nAccordingly, we say that two states have the same kind of entanglement if both\nof them can be obtained from the other by means of local operations and\nclassical communcication (LOCC) with nonzero probability. When applied to pure\nstates of a three-qubit system, this approach reveals the existence of two\ninequivalent kinds of genuine tripartite entanglement, for which the GHZ state\nand a W state appear as remarkable representatives. In particular, we show that\nthe W state retains maximally bipartite entanglement when any one of the three\nqubits is traced out. We generalize our results both to the case of higher\ndimensional subsystems and also to more than three subsystems, for all of which\nwe show that, typically, two randomly chosen pure states cannot be converted\ninto each other by means of LOCC, not even with a small probability of success.",
"arxiv_id": "quant-ph/0005115",
"authors": [
"W. D\u00fcr",
"G. Vidal",
"J. I. Cirac"
],
"categories": [
"quant-ph"
],
"doi": "10.1103/PhysRevA.62.062314",
"journal_ref": "Phys. Rev. A 62, 062314 (2000)",
"title": "Three qubits can be entangled in two inequivalent ways",
"url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0005115"
},
"schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
"source": {
"execution_id": "fb8cd75d-b028-4948-b28f-9f2deee255ef",
"id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
"type": "Model",
"variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
"version": "0.1.0"
},
"user_id": 1000002
}