{
  "annotation_id": "88d29383-f9a8-401a-b4d7-4004dfc543bf",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:01:18.424000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:01:18.424000Z",
  "file_hash": "8365601529d692d75eb73b3ccff8da966b9105950ada67c620e0949bb46b149a",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "Present human languages display slightly asymmetric log-normal (Gauss)\ndistribution for size [1-3], whereas present cities follow power law\n(Pareto-Zipf law)[4]. Our model considers the competition between languages and\nthat between cities in terms of growing (multiplicative noise process)[5] and\nfragmentation [6]; where, relevant parameters are (naturally) different for\nlanguages and cities. We consider lifetime distribution for old and living\nlanguages and that for old and living cities. We study also the effect of\nrandom elimination (punctuation) within time evolution of languages and cities.\nFinally, we assume decreasing exponential distribution for cities over size\nwith independent random amplitude and random (negative) exponent; and show\nthat, this gives the Pareto-Zipf law.",
    "arxiv_id": "physics/0703144",
    "authors": [
      "Caglar Tuncay"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "physics.comp-ph",
      "physics.soc-ph"
    ],
    "title": "A universal model for languages and cities, and their lifetimes",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0703144"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "43d86df8-5c81-419b-9499-e31f438e1456",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}