{
  "annotation_id": "849c9243-3bb4-4060-85ab-a688b17322ff",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:01:24.169000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:01:24.169000Z",
  "file_hash": "fc9c866fbb2fd1b3b37472e38219fcecda09804ac0006776dbcbf9dd43bc8694",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "Thermodynamics of magnetic materials is discussed in practical, lab-oriented\nterms. In the common experimental configuration in which the external magnetic\nfield comes from a solenoidal coil connected to a power supply, magnetic work\nis identified unambiguously as the flow of electromagnetic field energy from\nthe power supply into the system via the connecting wires. A simple algebraic\nexpression is derived for the \"magnetic energy\" of microscopic dipoles which\ninteract with the magnetic fields produced by each other, by an external coil,\nor by a permanent magnet. The discussion delineates the important distinction\nbetween induced magnetic moments, which are diamagnetic, and permanent\nmicroscopic moments, which are paramagnetic. The practicality of these ideas is\nillustrated by calculations of the magnetic properties of several idealized\nmagnetic solids via minimization of the appropriate free energy.",
    "arxiv_id": "physics/9909018",
    "authors": [
      "Thomas R. Lemberger"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "physics.class-ph",
      "physics.ed-ph"
    ],
    "title": "Thermodynamics of Magnets",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/9909018"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "a6187bdf-39af-4b87-8987-9feb0d141975",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}