{
  "annotation_id": "81145f1e-3d3c-4959-a6da-e570856fb975",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:00:36.162000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:00:36.162000Z",
  "file_hash": "5c83cfa17aeba340ffe2cadf847766da2bed0172493c0f580fc18f2864df9b0f",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "Self-focusing, spatially stable, electron beams arising from heating up to\n160 degrees C and cooling to room temperature pyroelectric LiNbO3 crystals in\ndilute gases have been observed for the first time. The current (up to\nnanoamperes) and energies (up to 170 keV) of these electron beams attained\nmaximum values and then decreased during the cooling phase of the thermal\ncycle. Cylindrical crystals produced spatially stable beams with typical focal\nlengths of 22 mm and 1mm spot sizes. Here we present photographic as well as\nelectronic proof of their existence.",
    "arxiv_id": "physics/0107019",
    "authors": [
      "J. D. Brownridge",
      "S. M. Shafroth"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "physics.optics",
      "physics.gen-ph"
    ],
    "doi": "10.1063/1.1418458",
    "title": "Self-Focused Electron Beams Produced by Pyroelecric Crystals on Heating   or Cooling in Dilute Gases",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0107019"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "251ebdc0-c4ee-4e88-84a1-301ed14f0584",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}