{
  "annotation_id": "775c79b0-64b7-49f5-9562-8fe77b0e1d1d",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:00:50.485000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:00:50.485000Z",
  "file_hash": "573970840da906da30273341f83ed7d06fe91aec4a41df33eda9b068b01b2eb2",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "Static charge in and on the surface of pyroelectric crystals of LiNbO3 and\nLiTaO3 in a dilute gas has been shown to ionize gas molecules via electron\ntunneling. The released electrons and positive ions are focused and accelerated\naccording to the sign of the static uncompensated charge. The uncompensated\ncharge is produced when the temperature of the crystal is changed from any\ninitial temperature between about 500K and about 15K. It may be either\npolarization charge that is inside the crystal surface or compensation charge\nthat is on the surface. The direction of temperature change and the polarity of\nthe base of the crystal determine whether electrons or positive ions are\naccelerated toward or away from the crystal. The ionization, focusing and\nacceleration may continue for more than 15 days following a single change in\ntemperature.",
    "arxiv_id": "physics/0404113",
    "authors": [
      "James D. Brownridge",
      "Stephen M. Shafroth"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "physics.atm-clus",
      "physics.gen-ph"
    ],
    "title": "Using Static Charge on Pyroelectric Crystals to Produce Self Focusing   Electron and Ion Beams and Transport Through Tubes",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0404113"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "c0b99866-9714-4a03-bc9a-4ee23c190281",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}