{
  "annotation_id": "6f36fff6-719c-4cd9-8664-93fc012f8988",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:01:46.180000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:01:46.180000Z",
  "file_hash": "f62e9079a9e902fa3669a54dd8bb5c426b9e5782262a6dd7a4a3152a3ea872fd",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "Merely by existing, all physical systems register information. And by\nevolving dynamically in time, they transform and process that information. The\nlaws of physics determine the amount of information that a physical system can\nregister (number of bits) and the number of elementary logic operations that a\nsystem can perform (number of ops). The universe is a physical system. This\npaper quantifies the amount of information that the universe can register and\nthe number of elementary operations that it can have performed over its\nhistory. The universe can have performed no more than $10^{120}$ ops on\n$10^{90}$ bits.",
    "arxiv_id": "quant-ph/0110141",
    "authors": [
      "Seth Lloyd"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "quant-ph"
    ],
    "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.237901",
    "journal_ref": "Phys.Rev.Lett.88:237901,2002",
    "title": "Computational capacity of the universe",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0110141"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "0b19a422-318f-4676-9049-4d633f370a58",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}