{
  "annotation_id": "692f80d0-54fb-4888-83f0-2dfc2d226572",
  "date_created": "2026-02-17T05:53:04.731000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-02-17T05:53:04.731000Z",
  "file_hash": "09e076341340c731a40ed2fb0ca4f2d4402dea02b9f68016fffff4ed520854bf",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "Deploying fifth-generation (5G) networks in emerging markets demands a balance between performance targets and constraints in budget, spectrum, and infrastructure. We use MATLAB simulations to quantify how radio and architectural levers - MIMO (beamforming, diversity, spatial multiplexing), carrier aggregation (CA), targeted spectrum refarming to New Radio (NR), mmWave propagation with blockage/rain, and Non-Standalone (NSA) versus Standalone (SA) cores - affect capacity, coverage, latency, and interference robustness, with D2D and M2M as complements to wide-area access. Beamforming improves cell-edge SNR by about 3-6 dB, while spatial multiplexing dominates at moderate/high SNR via multi-stream gains. Throughput scales strongly with CA: increasing from 1 to 5x20-MHz carriers raises peak rate from about 200 Mb/s to about 1 Gb/s at 30 dB SNR; water-filling adds 5-12% over equal power at mid-SNR. Targeted mid-band refarming to NR increases median throughput by 60-90% in urban and 40-70% in rural scenarios when sub-1-GHz layers preserve coverage. At 28 GHz, rain and human blockage add about 8-30 dB excess loss, so viable mmWave deployment concentrates in LOS hot zones with narrow-beam arrays and short inter-site distances. NSA delivers broader initial coverage than SA by reusing LTE/EPC, while SA becomes attractive as transport improves (e.g., \u003e= 10 Gb/s and \u003c 5 ms RTT) and site density grows. We synthesize these results into a practical roadmap: start NR on NSA, prioritize CA-centric spectrum strategies with focused refarming, densify selectively in demand hotspots, and migrate to SA as backhaul and device ecosystems mature.",
    "arxiv_id": "2601.06076",
    "authors": [
      "Desire Guel",
      "Justin Pegd-Wind\u00e9 Kouraogo",
      "Kouka Kouakou Nakoulma"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "eess.SP"
    ],
    "license": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "title": "Optimizing the 4G--5G Migration: A Simulation-Driven Roadmap for Emerging Markets",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.06076",
    "version": "v1"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "73ed6f93-d0c5-45a3-93a2-5627b99c6b4b",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-01-17",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}