{
  "annotation_id": "66b86f6b-00bc-4a99-8117-81ab4f4e6427",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:02:19.341000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:02:19.341000Z",
  "file_hash": "7efa2666111dd72043dbb1db84a3f0dea1a8b8135c8b84d2b96876002cc408b5",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "In the scientific and engineering literature, the second law of\nthermodynamics is expressed in terms of the behavior of entropy in reversible\nand irreversible processes. According to the prevailing statistical mechanics\ninterpretation the entropy is viewed as a nonphysical statistical attribute, a\nmeasure of either disorder in a system, or lack of information about the\nsystem, or erasure of information collected about the system, and a plethora of\nanalytic expressions are proposed for the various measures. In this paper, we\npresent two expositions of thermodynamics (both \u0027revolutionary\u0027 in the sense of\nThomas Kuhn with respect to conventional statistical mechanics and traditional\nexpositions of thermodynamics) that apply to all systems (both macroscopic and\nmicroscopic, including single particle or single spin systems), and to all\nstates (thermodynamic or stable equilibrium, nonequilibrium, and other states).",
    "arxiv_id": "quant-ph/0507187",
    "authors": [
      "Elias P. Gyftopoulos",
      "Gian Paolo Beretta"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "quant-ph"
    ],
    "title": "What is the second law of thermodynamics and are there any limits to its   validity?",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0507187"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "87467a7e-b1a3-4cf2-a806-a3f0ef79acb0",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}