{
  "annotation_id": "6170c274-e84c-45ec-af89-2a423bcb43b7",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:00:36.114000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:00:36.114000Z",
  "file_hash": "bc64ee9111f33a58908acb81eca6f66ca6084e9a005a30fb6c02f9c77fb4b75f",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "We consider simple stochastic climate models, described by slowly\ntime-dependent Langevin equations. We show that when the noise intensity is not\ntoo large, these systems can spend substantial amounts of time in metastable\nequilibrium, instead of adiabatically following the stationary distribution of\nthe frozen system. This behaviour can be characterized by describing the\nlocation of typical paths, and bounding the probability of atypical paths. We\nillustrate this approach by giving a quantitative description of phenomena\nassociated with bistability, for three famous examples of simple climate\nmodels: Stochastic resonance in an energy balance model describing Ice Ages;\nhysteresis in a box model for the Atlantic thermohaline circulation; and\nbifurcation delay in the case of the Lorenz model for Rayleigh-B\u0027enard\nconvection.",
    "arxiv_id": "physics/0111110",
    "authors": [
      "Nils Berglund",
      "Barbara Gentz"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "physics.ao-ph",
      "nlin.CD"
    ],
    "doi": "10.1142/S0219493702000455",
    "journal_ref": "Stoch. Dyn. 2:327-356 (2002)",
    "title": "Metastability in simple climate models: Pathwise analysis of slowly   driven Langevin equations",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0111110"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "2f7d2722-80a9-4b0e-a5d0-ecd4d2642b16",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}