{
  "annotation_id": "5d074a6a-c673-47df-9bcd-6e4434e48c9a",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:00:36.224000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:00:36.224000Z",
  "file_hash": "ca5d29db7fcc3f39b3ea0cb9c9530e7f49efdb0ce1d52fe7cdc311aa1001162b",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "The delta function gauge of the electromagnetic potential allows\nsemiclassical formulas to be obtained for the probability of exciting a single\nelectron out of the ground state in an ultrarelativistic heavy ion reaction.\nExact formulas have been obtained in the limits of zero impact parameter and\nlarge, perturbative, impact parameter. The perturbative impact parameter result\ncan be exploited to obtain a semi-empirical cross section formula of the form,\nsigma = A ln(gamma) + B, for single electron ionization. A and B can be\nevaluated for any combination of target and projectile, and the resulting\nsimple formula is good at all ultrarelativistic energies. The analytical form\nof A and B elucidates a result previously found in numerical calculations:\nscaled ionization cross sections decrease with increasing charge of the nucleus\nbeing ionized. The cross section values obtained from the present formula are\nin good agreement with recent CERN SPS data from a Pb beam on various nuclear\ntargets.",
    "arxiv_id": "physics/0102045",
    "authors": [
      "A. J. Baltz"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "physics.atom-ph",
      "nucl-th"
    ],
    "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevA.64.022718",
    "journal_ref": "Phys.Rev.A64:022718,2001",
    "title": "Some exact analytical results and a semi-empirical formula for single   electron ionization induced by ultrarelativistic heavy ions",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0102045"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "0409eac2-9d7a-4439-a8bf-43d6416a92a4",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}