{
  "annotation_id": "5c557fca-e93a-472d-ae94-53f6a3d445e8",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:01:14.670000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:01:14.670000Z",
  "file_hash": "5b31154d068a8001cfb29f9a8d8e293a1e2e5a8b23b2651eea9395fc0e5e83e7",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "We propose a many-particle-inspired theory for granular outflows from a\nhopper and for the escape dynamics through a bottleneck based on a continuity\nequation in polar coordinates. If the inflow is below the maximum outflow, we\nfind an asymptotic stationary solution. If the inflow is above this value, we\nobserve queue formation, which can be described by a shock wave equation. We\nalso address the experimental observation of intermittent outflows, taking into\naccount the lack of space in the merging zone by a minimum function and\ncoordination problems by a stochastic variable. This results in avalanches of\ndifferent sizes even if friction, force networks, inelastic collapse, or\ndelay-induced stop-and-go waves are not assumed. Our intermittent flows result\nfrom a random alternation between particle propagation and gap propagation.\nErratic flows in congested merging zones of vehicle traffic may be explained in\na similar way.",
    "arxiv_id": "physics/0610151",
    "authors": [
      "Dirk Helbing",
      "Anders Johansson",
      "Joachim Mathiesen",
      "Mogens H. Jensen",
      "Alex Hansen"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "physics.soc-ph",
      "physics.class-ph"
    ],
    "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.168001",
    "title": "Analytical Approach to Continuous and Intermittent Bottleneck Flows",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0610151"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "997896d8-1b7b-4222-94a9-d1f8daf65213",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}