{
  "annotation_id": "5a3cff94-1491-4856-8ee2-a18b967be2f3",
  "date_created": "2026-02-17T05:53:08.517000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-02-17T05:53:08.517000Z",
  "file_hash": "9292b14eba192c0d466e1c33d96a8d14d0501bb1f3305619d5570bed2ffba326",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "Rings have been found around Chariklo, Haumea and Quaoar, three small objects of the Solar System. All these rings are observed near the second-order spin-orbit resonances (SORs) 1/3 or 5/7 with the central body, suggesting an active confinement mechanism by these resonances. Our goal is to understand how collisional rings can be confined near second-order SORs in spite of the fact that they force self-intersecting streamlines.We use full 3D numerical simulations that treat rings of inelastically colliding particles orbiting non-axisymmetric central bodies, characterized by a dimensionless mass anomaly parameter mu. While most of our simulations ignore self-gravity, a few runs include gravitational interactions between particles, providing preliminary results on the effect of self-gravity on the ring confinement. The 1/3 SOR can confine ring material, by transferring the forced resonant mode into free Lindblad modes. We derive a criterion ensuring that the 1/3 SOR counteracts viscous spreading. Assuming meter-sized ring particles, and tau~1, this requires a threshold value mu \u003e 1e-3 in Chariklo\u0027s case. The confinement is not permanent as a slow outward leakage of particles is observed in our simulations. This leakage can be halted by an outside moonlet with a mass of ~1e-7 - 1e-6 relative to Chariklo, corresponding to subkilometer-sized objects. With self-gravity, the ring viscosity nu increases by a factor of few in low-tau rings due to gravitational encounters. For large tau, self-gravity wakes enhance nu by a factor of ~100 compared to a non-gravitating ring, requiring ~10-fold larger mu since the threshold value increases proportional to square-root of nu.",
    "arxiv_id": "2601.06975",
    "authors": [
      "Heikki Salo",
      "Bruno Sicardy"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "astro-ph.EP"
    ],
    "license": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "title": "Rings around irregular bodies. II. Numerical simulations of the 1/3 spin-orbit resonance confinement and applications to Chariklo",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.06975",
    "version": "v1"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "e6ddbc29-ee46-4041-b30b-34ba54a2ef90",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-01-17",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}