{
  "annotation_id": "5997e637-a478-44f4-b4a8-610ea59c5b14",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:00:42.405000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:00:42.405000Z",
  "file_hash": "221971db87618dafd3cbaffee6845afe6ee7bf29e8635521df405befe78b2c3e",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "The polarization properties of monochromatic light beams are studied. In\ncontrast to the idealization of an electromagnetic plane wave, finite beams\nwhich are everywhere linearly polarized in the same direction do not exist.\nNeither do beams which are everywhere circularly polarized in a fixed plane. It\nis also shown that transversely finite beams cannot be purely transverse in\nboth their electric and magnetic vectors, and that their electromagnetic energy\ntravels at less than c. The electric and magnetic fields in an electromagnetic\nbeam have different polarization properties in general, but there exists a\nclass of steady beams in which the electric and magnetic polarizations are the\nsame (and in which energy density and energy flux are independent of time).\nExamples are given of exactly and approximately linearly polarized beams, and\nof approximately circularly polarized beams.",
    "arxiv_id": "physics/0305065",
    "authors": [
      "John Lekner"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "physics.optics"
    ],
    "doi": "10.1088/1464-4258/5/1/302",
    "journal_ref": "J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 5 (2003) 6-14",
    "title": "Polarization of tightly focused laser beams",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0305065"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "87ace832-ec35-46ce-b229-0f276091373f",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}