{
  "annotation_id": "4edba134-18e1-4e70-9ed1-0a4bd70e85d6",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:02:23.771000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:02:23.771000Z",
  "file_hash": "bd7b0995991f1a8f05f5e880c25285515a318f804651fedca418d91a2a71e12b",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "A state in quantum mechanics is defined as a positive operator of norm 1. For\nfinite systems, this may be thought of as a positive matrix of trace 1. This\nconstraint of positivity imposes severe restrictions on the allowed evolution\nof such a state. From the mathematical viewpoint, we describe the two forms of\nstandard dynamical equations - global (Kraus) and local (Lindblad) - and show\nhow each of these gives rise to a semi-group description of the evolution. We\nthen look at specific examples from atomic systems, involving 3-level systems\nfor simplicity, and show how these mathematical constraints give rise to\nnon-intuitive physical phenomena, reminiscent of Bohm-Aharonov effects.\n  In particular, we show that for a multi-level atomic system it is generally\nimpossible to isolate the levels, and this leads to observable effects on the\npopulation relaxation and decoherence.",
    "arxiv_id": "quant-ph/0512198",
    "authors": [
      "Allan I. Solomon",
      "Sonia G. Schirmer"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "quant-ph"
    ],
    "title": "Bohm-Aharonov type effects in dissipative atomic systems",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0512198"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "fe092c8c-117c-442c-9328-2e0fc962034a",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}