{
  "annotation_id": "4c696101-5aca-45ba-b3eb-3d523a240bf9",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:00:53.111000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:00:53.111000Z",
  "file_hash": "e2934e1b5e6845d94fcac325004ab813d87aeb2ef5bf12cd5eb3a46452c37e7a",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "Since particle such as molecule, atom and nucleus are composite particle, it\nis important to recognize that physics must be invariant for both the composite\nparticle and its constituent particles, this requirement is called particle\ninvariance. But difficulties arise immediately because for fermion we use the\nDirac equation, for boson we use the Klein-Gordon equation. Therefore, the\nparticle invariance demands there is a general wave equation for describing\nparticle motion regardless particle class. In this paper, three advances in\nthis subject are reported: (1) momentum-wavefunction relation is a general\nrelation shared by both fermion and boson, meets the requirement of the\nparticle invaiance. As a test, the momentum-wavefunction relation was directly\napplied to hydrogen atom, and get the correct fine structure and spin effect\nfor the electron. (2) the Dirac equation and Klein-Gordon equation can be\nderived out from the momentum-wavefunction relation when we abandon some higher\norder terms. (3) according to the momentum-wavefunction relation a path\nintegral method was developed, differing from Feynman\u0027s path integral, it\nsimplfies quantum computation.",
    "arxiv_id": "physics/0409023",
    "authors": [
      "H. Y. Cui"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "physics.gen-ph"
    ],
    "title": "An advance report on particle invariance in particle physics",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0409023"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "356eee2d-ddbd-4708-8834-0ca35158da35",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}