{
  "annotation_id": "4640c81d-0dc2-4cdf-a69a-68b1ca42e2bb",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:01:49.545000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:01:49.545000Z",
  "file_hash": "8e523bd5d168eac697dc6ccccbd3f0a93b1f33daf5fb96b3da8714e8a5c0bd28",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "Conservation laws limit the accuracy of physical implementations of\nelementary quantum logic gates. If the computational basis is represented by a\ncomponent of spin and physical implementations obey the angular momentum\nconservation law, any physically realizable unitary operators with size less\nthan n qubits cannot implement the controlled-NOT gate within the error\nprobability 1/(4n^2), where the size is defined as the total number of the\ncomputational qubits and the ancilla qubits. An analogous limit for bosonic\nancillae is also obtained to show that the lower bound of the error probability\nis inversely proportional to the average number of photons. Any set of\nuniversal gates inevitably obeys a related limitation with error probability\nO(1/n^2)$. To circumvent the above or related limitations yielded by\nconservation laws, it is recommended that the computational basis should be\nchosen as the one commuting with the additively conserved quantities.",
    "arxiv_id": "quant-ph/0112179",
    "authors": [
      "Masanao Ozawa"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "quant-ph"
    ],
    "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.057902",
    "journal_ref": "Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 057902(1--4) (2002).",
    "title": "Conservative Quantum Computing",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0112179"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "77b0d58d-e432-43ab-8182-ec28da667426",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}