{
  "annotation_id": "343b912d-3569-4647-8caf-8dd02ebcc5f2",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:01:34.949000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:01:34.949000Z",
  "file_hash": "9f49cb8ad5e35fb9a2f499a1984dea69b6933f7ac7cfddeee54727ab1e172fed",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "Chemical reaction systems operating in nonequilibrium open-system states\narise in a great number of contexts, including the study of living organisms,\nin which chemical reactions, in general, are far from equilibrium. Here we\nintroduce a theorem that relates forward and re-verse fluxes and free energy\nfor any chemical process operating in a steady state. This rela-tionship, which\nis a generalization of equilibrium conditions to the case of a chemical process\noccurring in a nonequilibrium steady state, provides a novel equivalent\ndefinition for chemical reaction free energy. In addition, it is shown that\npreviously unrelated theories introduced by Ussing and Hodgkin and Huxley for\ntransport of ions across membranes, Hill for catalytic cycle fluxes, and Crooks\nfor entropy production in microscopically reversible systems, are united in a\ncommon framework based on this relationship.",
    "arxiv_id": "q-bio/0607020",
    "authors": [
      "Daniel A. Beard",
      "Hong Qian"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "q-bio.SC",
      "cond-mat.stat-mech",
      "physics.bio-ph",
      "q-bio.BM"
    ],
    "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0000144",
    "journal_ref": "PLoS ONE, Vol. 2, e144 (2007)",
    "title": "Relationship between Thermodynamic Driving Force and One-Way Fluxes in   Reversible Chemical Reactions",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/q-bio/0607020"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "91291c64-db2e-4394-b763-9753632bbc2d",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}