{
  "annotation_id": "2ea931f9-1a81-49f0-bf00-5a8ae4125606",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:02:41.486000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:02:41.486000Z",
  "file_hash": "2503f6a44212d120429785530725709e4d8d1bd59a08a499eef2b723a2e3cc22",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "After a review of the arrows of time, we describe the possibilities of a\ntime-asymmetry in quantum theory. Whereas Hilbert space quantum mechanics is\ntime-symmetric, the rigged Hilbert space formulation, which arose from Dirac\u0027s\nbra-ket formalism, allows the choice of asymmetric boundary conditions\nanalogous to the retarded solutions of the Maxwell equations for the radiation\narrow of time. This led to irreversibility on the microphysical level as\nexemplified by decaying states or resonances. Resonances are mathematically\nrepresented by Gamow kets, functionals over a space of very well-behaved (Hardy\nclass) vectors, which have been chosen by a boundary condition (outgoing for\ndecaying states). Gamow states have all the properties that one heuristically\nneeds for quasistable states. For them a Golden Rule can be derived from the\nfundamental probabilities that fulfills the time-asymmetry condition which\ncould not be realized in the Hilbert space.",
    "arxiv_id": "quant-ph/9805063",
    "authors": [
      "A. Bohm",
      "N. L. Harshman"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "quant-ph"
    ],
    "doi": "10.1007/BFb0106783",
    "title": "Quantum Theory in the Rigged Hilbert Space-Irreversibility from   Causality",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9805063"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "693f6ad1-e0ef-4e61-952d-0e0e43619156",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}