{
  "annotation_id": "2d9d5dd0-cd03-42ee-9fec-721f18864432",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:00:28.470000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:00:28.470000Z",
  "file_hash": "8920b683de2364b6b6e5d497694049b576c08f86e0ec708b83cd41847710d77d",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "The performance in finite time of a discrete heat engine with internal\nfriction is analyzed. The working fluid of the engine is composed of an\nensemble of noninteracting two level systems. External work is applied by\nchanging the external field and thus the internal energy levels. The friction\ninduces a minimal cycle time. The power output of the engine is optimized with\nrespect to time allocation between the contact time with the hot and cold baths\nas well as the adiabats. The engine\u0027s performance is also optimized with\nrespect to the external fields. By reversing the cycle of operation a heat pump\nis constructed. The performance of the engine as a heat pump is also optimized.\nBy varying the time allocation between the adiabats and the contact time with\nthe reservoir a universal behavior can be identified. The optimal performance\nof the engine when the cold bath is approaching absolute zero is studied. It is\nfound that the optimal cooling rate converges linearly to zero when the\ntemperature approaches absolute zero.",
    "arxiv_id": "physics/0003007",
    "authors": [
      "Tova Feldmann",
      "Ronnie Kosloff"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "physics.chem-ph"
    ],
    "doi": "10.1103/PhysRevE.61.4774",
    "title": "Performance of discrete heat engines and heat pumps in finite time",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0003007"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "612da1e2-4dc9-426e-b828-7d864b83303d",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}