{
  "annotation_id": "274fc11c-59b2-44ad-b48a-f2929727e41e",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:01:25.014000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:01:25.014000Z",
  "file_hash": "ab4fbdb4d1e6d201e694a2a46c04ca7d167ffa27cd58afa384ccbb79f6aa1539",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "In quantum mechanics, it is possible to make observations that affect\nphysical entities without there being a physical interaction between the\nobserver and the physical entity measured. Epstein (1945) and Renninger (1960)\ndiscussed this situation, and Renninger called this type of observation a\n\"negative observation.\" Empirical research on electron shelving supports the\npossibility of negative observations (Bergquist, Hulet, Itano, and Wineland,\n1986; Nagourney, Sandberg, and Dehmelt, 1986; Sauter, Neuhauser, Blatt, and\nToschek, 1986). Two scenarios are presented that emphasize the role of human\nobservation in negative observations. The first is modeled after the two hole\ngedankenexperiments of Feynman, Leighton, and Sands (1965) and portrays\nnegative observations in a non-technical manner. The second scenario allows for\nquantifying the affect on physical entities of negative observations in a\nsimple fashion. In addition, various issues related to negative observation are\ndiscussed, including an objection that might be raised. The Schrodinger cat\ngedankenexperiment is discussed briefly as well.",
    "arxiv_id": "physics/9912015",
    "authors": [
      "D. M. Snyder"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "physics.gen-ph"
    ],
    "title": "Negative Observations in Quantum Mechanics",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/9912015"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "7accd37c-34cb-42bf-b3d8-c23c0080de1b",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}