{
  "annotation_id": "25bb44e6-59ce-4849-8ec3-53fbffdb144a",
  "date_created": "2026-02-17T05:53:23.470000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-02-17T05:53:23.470000Z",
  "file_hash": "f986b6cac93d5ec48b96ebb8ac2a1558373c5b0de2fe74fa2140872e5a3fc4ea",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "Many Ethereum smart contracts rely on block attributes such as block.timestamp or blockhash to generate random numbers for applications like lotteries and games. However, these values are predictable and miner-manipulable, creating the Bad Randomness vulnerability (SWC-120) that has led to real-world exploits. Current detection tools identify only simple patterns and fail to verify whether protective modifiers actually guard vulnerable code. A major obstacle to improving these tools is the lack of large, accurately labeled datasets. This paper presents a benchmark dataset of 1,752 Ethereum smart contracts with validated Bad Randomness vulnerabilities. We developed a five-phase methodology comprising keyword filtering, pattern matching with 58 regular expressions, risk classification, function-level validation, and context analysis. The function-level validation revealed that 49% of contracts initially classified as protected were actually exploitable because modifiers were applied to different functions than those containing vulnerabilities. We classify contracts into four risk levels based on exploitability: HIGH_RISK (no protection), MEDIUM_RISK (miner-exploitable only), LOW_RISK (owner-exploitable only), and SAFE (using Chainlink VRF or commit-reveal). Our dataset is 51 times larger than RNVulDet and the first to provide function-level validation and risk stratification. Evaluation of Slither and Mythril revealed significant detection gaps, as both tools identified none of the vulnerable contracts in our sample, indicating limitations in handling complex randomness patterns. The dataset and validation scripts are publicly available to support future research in smart contract security.",
    "arxiv_id": "2601.09836",
    "authors": [
      "Hadis Rezaei",
      "Rahim Taheri",
      "Francesco Palmieri"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "cs.CR"
    ],
    "license": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "title": "A Risk-Stratified Benchmark Dataset for Bad Randomness (SWC-120) Vulnerabilities in Ethereum Smart Contracts",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.09836",
    "version": "v1"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "af7386fa-7257-461c-9a24-c860ac561626",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-01-17",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}