{
  "annotation_id": "21976a26-cc3b-45d3-8c46-6566d51e2e99",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:01:21.292000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:01:21.292000Z",
  "file_hash": "a2e5d8a7feb1d16e6615bc0407452ac8cd0c59dd2bcb3b5f2cd30148d9a4040f",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "New, gauge-independent, second-order Lagrangian for the motion of classical,\ncharged test particles is proposed. It differs from the standard,\ngauge-dependent, first order Lagrangian by boundary terms only. A new method of\nderiving equations of motion from field equations is developed. When applied to\nclassical electrodynamics, this method enables us to obtain unambigously the\nabove, second order Lagrangian from the general energy-momentum conservation\nprinciple.",
    "arxiv_id": "physics/9807038",
    "authors": [
      "D. Chruscinski",
      "J. Kijowski"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "physics.class-ph"
    ],
    "doi": "10.1016/S0393-0440(96)00002-2",
    "journal_ref": "J. Goem. Phys. 20 (1996) 393-403",
    "title": "Equations of Motion from Field Equations and a Gauge-invariant   Variational Principle for the Motion of Charged Particles",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/9807038"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "415b2a72-629d-4f5c-8959-c438df33920c",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}