{
  "annotation_id": "1bbb7f2d-b12b-4497-8929-56821eaeeea2",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:01:07.016000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:01:07.016000Z",
  "file_hash": "7146fdcfc437f9aa89c03a5c7abd3ba84581483911c935ba8858213310e782cd",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "The frequency flicker of an oscillator, which appears as a 1/f^3 line in the\nphase noise spectral density, and as a floor on the Allan variance plot,\noriginates from two basic phenomena, namely: (1) the 1/f phase noise turned\ninto 1/f frequency noise via the Leeson effect, and (2) the 1/f fluctuation of\nthe resonator natural frequency. The discussion on which is the dominant\neffect, thus on how to improve the stability of the oscillator, has been going\non for years without giving a clear answer. This article tackles the question\nby analyzing the phase noise spectrum of several commercial oscillators and\nlaboratory prototypes, and demonstrates that the fluctuation of the resonator\nnatural frequency is the dominant effect. The investigation method starts from\nreverse engineering the oscillator phase noise in order to show that if the\nLeeson effect was dominant, the resonator merit factor Q would be too low as\ncompared to the available technology.",
    "arxiv_id": "physics/0602110",
    "authors": [
      "Enrico Rubiola",
      "Vincent Giordano"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "physics.ins-det",
      "physics.space-ph"
    ],
    "journal_ref": "IEEE Transact. Ultrason., Ferroelec. Freq. Control vol. 54 no. 1\n  pp. 15-22, January 2007",
    "title": "On the 1/f Frequency Noise in Ultra-Stable Quartz Oscillators",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0602110"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "5afd6a60-123f-42fe-b1dd-50410f8f0858",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}