{
  "annotation_id": "167f14d5-e1ae-4b7a-83dd-a877cbc80c47",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:01:14.979000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:01:14.979000Z",
  "file_hash": "4eb22c37c18eb4da3526d22535c9892029a98f0447486bfec9e97e8e0456023b",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "The time evolution of a large-amplitude electromagnetic (EM) wave injected\nvertically into the overhead ionosphere is studied numerically. The EM wave has\na carrier frequency of 5 MHz and is modulated as a Gaussian pulse with a width\nof approximately 0.1 milliseconds and a vacuum amplitude of 1.5 V/m at 50 km.\nThis is a fair representation of a modulated radio wave transmitted from a\ntypical high-power HF broadcast station on the ground. The pulse is propagated\nthrough the neutral atmosphere to the critical points of the ionosphere, where\nthe L-O and R-X modes are reflected, and back to the neutral atmosphere. We\nobserve mode conversion of the L-O mode to electrostatic waves, as well as\nharmonic generation at the turning points of both the R-X and L-O modes, where\ntheir amplitudes rise to several times the original ones. The study has\nrelevance for ionospheric interaction experiments in combination with\nground-based and satellite or rocket observations.",
    "arxiv_id": "physics/0612038",
    "authors": [
      "Bengt Eliasson",
      "Bo Thid\u00e9"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "physics.plasm-ph",
      "physics.space-ph"
    ],
    "doi": "10.1029/2006GL028948",
    "title": "Simulation study of the interaction between large-amplitude HF radio   waves and the ionosphere",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0612038"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "1ae8dee7-99e2-43db-ba26-eafcf052a1ab",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}