{
  "annotation_id": "100d3b4a-ca3d-473c-bf21-54f2b8c433d8",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:01:17.966000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:01:17.966000Z",
  "file_hash": "9a00aaa859762d5f02b9ecb0875663dce1a4b348577f93503e7a65e40d1aa950",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "This paper presents a simple and systematic method to show how the potentials\nin the Lorentz, Coulomb, Kirchhoff, velocity and temporal gauges yield the same\nretarded electric and magnetic fields. The method appropriately uses the\ndynamical equations for the scalar and vector potentials to obtain two wave\nequations, whose retarded solutions lead to the electric and magnetic fields.\nThe advantage of this method is that it does not use explicit expressions for\nthe potentials in the above gauges, which are generally simple to obtain for\nthe scalar potential but generally difficult to calculate for the vector\npotential. The spurious character of the term generated by the scalar potential\nin the Coulomb, Kirchhoff and velocity gauges is noted. The non spurious\ncharacter of the term generated by the scalar potential in the Lorenz gauge is\nemphasized.",
    "arxiv_id": "physics/0702217",
    "authors": [
      "Jose A. Heras"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "physics.class-ph"
    ],
    "doi": "10.1119/1.2400238",
    "journal_ref": "Am. J. Phys. 75, 176-183 (2007)",
    "title": "How potentials in different gauges yield the same retarded electric and   magnetic fields",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0702217"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "94eb1362-26a4-47dc-ba6a-a6e4599b2aab",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}