{
  "annotation_id": "0cd6df4c-2439-433e-b003-896418677265",
  "date_created": "2026-02-17T05:53:23.790000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-02-17T05:53:23.790000Z",
  "file_hash": "6b3b6b0de2377738c4909db41855dfabc7c6e7ca77e759d01bd7d3892a24287f",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "Targeting a cone with the half-angle as 10-deg at M = 27 and H = 72 km, simulations were conducted comparatively to analyze the predictions by different equilibrium and non-equilibrium gas models. Following validation and grid studies, systematic comparisons on aerodynamic performance, flow structures, and characteristic distributions were performed. The key findings are: (1) While the overall flow structures are broadly similar, discrepancies exist in the features at the base locations, e.g., the diverse high-temperature distributions. Notably, the vibrational temperatures distribute differently under slip and non-slip boundary conditions near the wall; (2) The equilibrium gas model predicts higher drag coefficient, wall heat flux, and skin friction than those of non-equilibrium models. Predictions also vary among the non-equilibrium models themselves. Specifically, compared to the three-temperature model, the one- and two-temperature models predict larger drag coefficients with the relative difference exceeding 5%. Nevertheless, the results from the three-temperature model with and without slip conditions are largely consistent; (3) The disparities between equilibrium and non-equilibrium characteristics are primarily manifested in the shock layer and wake regions. Within these regions, the overall temperature for the equilibrium gas is lower than that for the non-equilibrium cases, while in the latter specific non-equilibrium features are distinctly exhibited, e.g., the translational-rotational temperature is generally higher than that from the one-temperature model, and the vibrational-electronic temperature shows the opposite trend. Notably, in the slip flow within the three-temperature model, the translational-rotational temperature is higher and, particularly, the vibrational temperature is even larger than counterparts of the non-slip flows near the wall and base center line.",
    "arxiv_id": "2601.10050",
    "authors": [
      "Mengyu Wang",
      "Pan Yan",
      "Qin Li",
      "Zhenfeng Wang",
      "Xiaoming Guo",
      "Yuanchun Liu"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "physics.flu-dyn"
    ],
    "license": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
    "title": "Comparative study of equilibrium and non-equilibrium predictions by different models for a hypersonic cone at high-altitude",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.10050",
    "version": "v1"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "b00743eb-4ef3-4cfa-a0d7-05ddbcdd32bc",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-01-17",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}