{
  "annotation_id": "08da5505-54e0-4e08-9e94-2d225bb35cdf",
  "date_created": "2026-03-02T18:01:25.038000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-03-02T18:01:25.038000Z",
  "file_hash": "120d6df3b380053d8bf30c0b41ec2fc78fca84ba7da1f4479ebd70f2fa501840",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "Nonlinear relativistic ionization phenomena induced by a strong linearly\npolarized laser field are considered. The starting point is the classical\nrelativistic action for a free electron moving in the electromagnetic field\ncreated by a strong laser beam. This action has been used to calculate\nsemiclassical transition rates. Simple analytical expressions for the\nionization rate, the photoelectron emission velocity and for the drift momentum\ndistribution of the photoelectron have been found. The analytical formulas\napply to nonrelativistic bound systems as well as to initial states with an\nenergy corresponding to the upper boundary of the lower continuum and to the\ntunnel as well as the multiphoton regime. In the case of a nonrelativistic\nbound system we recover the Keldysh formula for the ionization rate.\nRelativistic effects in the initial state lead to a weak enhancement of the\nrate of sub-barrier ionization and to the appearance of a nonzero photoelectron\nleaving velocity.",
    "arxiv_id": "physics/9910028",
    "authors": [
      "J. Ortner",
      "V. M. Rylyuk"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "physics.atom-ph"
    ],
    "doi": "10.1142/9789812793812_0022",
    "title": "The use of relativistic action in strong-field nonlinear photoionization",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/9910028"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "567cc51a-e8ef-43dd-abb3-e846d7d651cf",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset IDs",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-03-01",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}