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298","page_number":7,"box":{"x":290,"y":527,"width":321,"height":12}},{"id":"e5b3c0fb-84e1-4dde-87fe-0e603415bf4c","block_type":"box","text":"Chapter 14: Clipping and Blends","page_number":7,"box":{"x":360,"y":560,"width":242,"height":12}},{"id":"c655507e-e544-44ab-8b48-d528ff7bb86f","block_type":"box","text":"301","page_number":7,"box":{"x":612,"y":560,"width":24,"height":10}},{"id":"81b1d2bd-86c0-4c05-890e-b8b3b7672daa","block_type":"box","text":"14.1 Clipping to a path 301","page_number":7,"box":{"x":290,"y":584,"width":230,"height":12}},{"id":"a492b431-2985-4bf7-a7da-3dd33b494b0c","block_type":"box","text":"14.2 Clipping to text 303","page_number":7,"box":{"x":290,"y":608,"width":213,"height":12}},{"id":"f3980066-b63c-455d-8fc1-cdb1fe5e10e9","block_type":"box","text":"14.3 Image masks 305","page_number":7,"box":{"x":290,"y":632,"width":202,"height":12}},{"id":"7f967aeb-8262-42a8-bf70-da0c17b516dc","block_type":"box","text":"14.4 Blends 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165","page_number":13,"box":{"x":218,"y":572,"width":411,"height":8}},{"id":"412035e6-8d06-4db0-aed1-4f08aed4275b","block_type":"box","text":"Table 7.19 Font flags 166","page_number":13,"box":{"x":218,"y":587,"width":220,"height":10}},{"id":"db4e44fd-7856-4468-9b0b-1eaeb31621bd","block_type":"box","text":"Table 7.20 Additional FontDescriptor attributes 168","page_number":13,"box":{"x":218,"y":602,"width":385,"height":10}},{"id":"54caadbe-e1ea-4885-993b-babe17040134","block_type":"box","text":"Table 7.21 Character Subsets in CJK fonts 169","page_number":13,"box":{"x":218,"y":617,"width":360,"height":8}},{"id":"1664ecc0-6400-47ed-ab4b-f86b134d848c","block_type":"box","text":"Table 7.22 CID font file 171","page_number":13,"box":{"x":218,"y":632,"width":230,"height":9}},{"id":"1e3223ed-35ec-428a-912d-7da799c8d24f","block_type":"box","text":"Table 7.23 CalGray attributes 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stream 52","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":314,"width":271,"height":10}},{"id":"5e510be4-c3d6-40fd-9f42-258d884e0d6d","block_type":"box","text":"Example 4.1 Indirect reference 63","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":329,"width":261,"height":11}},{"id":"1f0061c8-939c-44c6-a05a-682a4285707e","block_type":"box","text":"Example 5.1 Cross-reference section with a single subsection 68","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":344,"width":462,"height":11}},{"id":"28f463d1-276e-4c27-8148-8feb04e59334","block_type":"box","text":"Example 5.2 Cross-reference section with multiple subsections 69","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":359,"width":469,"height":11}},{"id":"a94b10a8-fef0-46e3-bc78-e5b3b8164ec2","block_type":"box","text":"Example 5.3 Trailer 70","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":375,"width":187,"height":10}},{"id":"5ed51fca-1e55-4751-aa14-c7e36c42f114","block_type":"box","text":"Example 6.1 Catalog 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104","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":541,"width":233,"height":11}},{"id":"a2825f14-f27f-4c6f-86a7-88a6fa1deb47","block_type":"box","text":"Example 6.1 Info dictionary 115","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":556,"width":247,"height":11}},{"id":"16015c43-2f8a-4962-ab99-7f3ea5d3b97c","block_type":"box","text":"Example 6.2 Thread 116","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":572,"width":202,"height":10}},{"id":"aeb60a21-051a-460b-9edd-8cca8b43ebe8","block_type":"box","text":"Example 6.3 Simple checkbox field 128","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":587,"width":296,"height":10}},{"id":"eacfcae7-e73c-44f9-9ecc-2119df05ccc3","block_type":"box","text":"Example 6.4 Radio button field with two buttons 129","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":602,"width":378,"height":10}},{"id":"42bde183-1e5d-48a2-8018-02cdaf1c879b","block_type":"box","text":"Example 6.5 List box field 131","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":617,"width":234,"height":11}},{"id":"bfb08fdf-c290-4070-808c-a68e113497dc","block_type":"box","text":"Example 6.6 Text field 132","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":632,"width":212,"height":11}},{"id":"c676b117-cf80-4b61-9bcf-d2ff7cba75fb","block_type":"box","text":"Example 7.1 URLs 141","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":647,"width":190,"height":11}},{"id":"363f707a-21ff-43ec-bf8e-eab24933d363","block_type":"box","text":"Example 7.2 Resources dictionary 143","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":663,"width":293,"height":10}},{"id":"c88ce6c3-832e-46ce-85df-5ecfe093beca","block_type":"box","text":"Example 7.1 Type 1 font and character widths array 147","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":678,"width":403,"height":10}},{"id":"0fd0a481-8e8f-4be3-b368-d7c08c8f49b5","block_type":"box","text":"Example 7.2 Multiple master font and character widths array 149","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":693,"width":459,"height":10}},{"id":"18291cb8-5c2a-4365-86fc-a8d54a439b00","block_type":"box","text":"Example 7.3 Type 3 font 151","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":708,"width":224,"height":11}},{"id":"bae09cb4-4c2b-4ba2-a134-fa9338bfd185","block_type":"box","text":"Example 7.4 TrueType font 152","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":723,"width":243,"height":11}},{"id":"4fdcc139-8a81-4173-8c7c-913ddc6a3ee8","block_type":"box","text":"Example 7.5 Type 0 font referring to a single CID font 153","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":738,"width":414,"height":11}},{"id":"4097b934-1783-4348-8f22-69d8f558ab84","block_type":"box","text":"Example 7.6 Font encoding 158","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":753,"width":248,"height":11}},{"id":"908f5723-164d-4024-85ce-724956b9e4e4","block_type":"box","text":"Example 7.7 CMap Encoding 161","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":768,"width":257,"height":11}},{"id":"12dcb0fb-65fd-488f-b3f4-66e2446bea06","block_type":"box","text":"Example 7.8 Embedded Type 1 font definition 165","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":784,"width":364,"height":10}},{"id":"2de05244-015d-4bb3-aeed-66db1a6942f8","block_type":"box","text":"Example 7.1 Font descriptor 167","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":799,"width":253,"height":10}},{"id":"84441de4-c530-44a0-a900-17ae24bcb379","block_type":"box","text":"Example 7.2 FD entry 170","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":814,"width":212,"height":11}},{"id":"b71fa3d4-b7f1-4ae3-a467-8b27f6d1b44b","block_type":"box","text":"Example 7.3 Indexed color space 176","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":829,"width":286,"height":11}},{"id":"eeb5e760-dd16-4835-8a83-aba5dca8bd0a","block_type":"box","text":"Example 7.4 Image with length specified as an indirect object 179","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":844,"width":467,"height":11}},{"id":"1690dc87-8b0c-4754-9186-4dbc8af6df5b","block_type":"box","text":"Example 7.1 Form XObject 183","page_number":15,"box":{"x":219,"y":859,"width":246,"height":11}},{"id":"326449b7-3208-4df7-a6b0-07f3ddcbdccb","block_type":"box","text":": November 12, 1996","page_number":16,"box":{"x":145,"y":18,"width":437,"height":11}},{"id":"230a1ef3-af7e-42bb-b83f-66adb13cae5c","block_type":"box","text":"16 Adobe Systems Inc.","page_number":16,"box":{"x":145,"y":905,"width":431,"height":11}},{"id":"1986a820-4c30-4ce1-b140-a3a3cb5e2128","block_type":"box","text":"Example 7.2 Example of a spot function 190","page_number":16,"box":{"x":219,"y":87,"width":328,"height":10}},{"id":"c8b6c611-73c7-4533-8be0-47efefd5f64d","block_type":"box","text":"Example 7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .","page_number":16,"box":{"x":219,"y":102,"width":581,"height":10}},{"id":"9704fac5-6b1b-4ca0-b0c7-68e404311ae4","block_type":"box","text":"ExtGStates 192","page_number":16,"box":{"x":347,"y":117,"width":101,"height":8}},{"id":"6783f85a-b551-4c1c-9398-d9457839a841","block_type":"box","text":"Example 7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Half","page_number":16,"box":{"x":219,"y":132,"width":614,"height":11}},{"id":"c73ea46b-563f-4d0d-9758-1001c88cc637","block_type":"box","text":"tone","page_number":16,"box":{"x":834,"y":133,"width":28,"height":7}},{"id":"4c0e5835-cc86-4a2e-b8eb-30fce35a3785","block_type":"box","text":"with spot-function dictionary 200","page_number":16,"box":{"x":346,"y":147,"width":210,"height":11}},{"id":"0a394574-553d-42e4-9e57-a3979f99ead8","block_type":"box","text":"Example 7.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Half","page_number":16,"box":{"x":219,"y":162,"width":614,"height":11}},{"id":"621e9a1e-8950-4155-bed4-9e9ddbbbd60c","block_type":"box","text":"tone","page_number":16,"box":{"x":834,"y":163,"width":28,"height":8}},{"id":"fa0a2939-ae54-4a57-ac6f-68343791fa48","block_type":"box","text":"dictionary for type 5 200","page_number":16,"box":{"x":346,"y":177,"width":156,"height":11}},{"id":"bf17ae1f-8e1b-4831-b358-1518b7f08a7a","block_type":"box","text":"Example 7.6 Bitmap pattern 205","page_number":16,"box":{"x":219,"y":193,"width":251,"height":10}},{"id":"0d77ccce-cc38-42ca-aee2-d9c1841e1f36","block_type":"box","text":"Example 7.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Star","page_number":16,"box":{"x":219,"y":208,"width":616,"height":10}},{"id":"1b8bfca8-72f9-42b7-9ce4-b2a32eb5c4eb","block_type":"box","text":"pattern 206","page_number":16,"box":{"x":347,"y":223,"width":73,"height":11}},{"id":"9177b546-ca02-4c4d-bce4-e4c369a3b58e","block_type":"box","text":"Example 8.1 In-line image 240","page_number":16,"box":{"x":219,"y":238,"width":239,"height":11}},{"id":"63f8b543-762e-4648-a98a-209f7c9dd29e","block_type":"box","text":"Example 9.1 Outline of a linearized PDF file 249","page_number":16,"box":{"x":219,"y":253,"width":354,"height":11}},{"id":"fcc2d138-4b3f-45e3-b4de-f8e133fc553c","block_type":"box","text":"Example 11.1 Changing the text matrix inside a text object 279","page_number":16,"box":{"x":219,"y":268,"width":440,"height":11}},{"id":"a1eebe33-3237-48df-b587-13bf5b9beb26","block_type":"box","text":"Example 11.2 Multiple lines of text without automatic leading 280","page_number":16,"box":{"x":219,"y":284,"width":454,"height":10}},{"id":"ecdd23d8-f02e-47fd-844f-7a6533a79dde","block_type":"box","text":"Example 11.3 Multiple lines of text using automatic leading 280","page_number":16,"box":{"x":219,"y":299,"width":442,"height":10}},{"id":"e0333c7f-e2ec-4f3e-a5b4-eb7a0e971f44","block_type":"box","text":"Example 11.4","page_number":16,"box":{"x":219,"y":314,"width":88,"height":10}},{"id":"a265de28-407f-402e-9743-e53f368103b0","block_type":"box","text":"TJ","page_number":16,"box":{"x":346,"y":313,"width":18,"height":9}},{"id":"7996a47e-e129-4adf-8c6e-27da18d85d1d","block_type":"box","text":"operator without automatic leading 281","page_number":16,"box":{"x":369,"y":314,"width":250,"height":11}},{"id":"76bc580e-c625-4c3a-9594-e981baa05d1d","block_type":"box","text":"Example 11.5 Use of 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It describes version 1.1 of the Portable","page_number":19,"box":{"x":585,"y":136,"width":258,"height":9}},{"id":"5c7a2f97-05e9-44cd-a1a9-dcba2753502f","block_type":"box","text":"Document Format.","page_number":19,"box":{"x":340,"y":152,"width":122,"height":8}},{"id":"da298f31-b3e8-4e6e-9dec-31b2e7ea1179","block_type":"box","text":"The PDF specification is independent of any particular implementation of a PDF","page_number":19,"box":{"x":340,"y":180,"width":526,"height":12}},{"id":"6fc89296-8686-4a0e-a5ec-e11cf06ea0ae","block_type":"box","text":"generator or consumer. 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The Portable Document Format is an extensible","page_number":19,"box":{"x":340,"y":314,"width":534,"height":12}},{"id":"59c146bf-448e-4289-84e3-bd6070ea0412","block_type":"box","text":"format, which means that PDF files may contain objects not defined by this","page_number":19,"box":{"x":340,"y":330,"width":490,"height":11}},{"id":"b8313e23-a6a2-4df0-bd2d-2ce75acd8f21","block_type":"box","text":"specification.","page_number":19,"box":{"x":341,"y":345,"width":84,"height":11}},{"id":"fd26366f-9981-45c4-b468-5c56ed92a1bf","block_type":"box","text":"Consumers","page_number":19,"box":{"x":432,"y":345,"width":72,"height":9}},{"id":"1d68c5d4-c331-465c-8ee5-2fcf364d034c","block_type":"box","text":", applications that read PDF files and interpret their","page_number":19,"box":{"x":505,"y":345,"width":333,"height":11}},{"id":"1911df3c-3f10-466b-a0a8-d611ba35f5b1","block_type":"box","text":"contents, are expected to implement correctly the semantics of objects that are","page_number":19,"box":{"x":340,"y":360,"width":510,"height":11}},{"id":"76ebc95e-1167-4143-8e1b-7b214d7d682f","block_type":"box","text":"specified by PDF 1.1 and, as gracefully as possible, to ignore any objects that they","page_number":19,"box":{"x":341,"y":375,"width":533,"height":11}},{"id":"68fdcb53-5f55-4de8-9d44-a1e183cb2bf7","block_type":"box","text":"do not understand.","page_number":19,"box":{"x":340,"y":390,"width":120,"height":9}},{"id":"7e02fb1b-bd30-4925-8e9e-dff32dc210d7","block_type":"box","text":"A","page_number":19,"box":{"x":465,"y":390,"width":12,"height":9}},{"id":"eac64b1e-c90f-4684-b642-85685348d772","block_type":"box","text":"ppendix G","page_number":19,"box":{"x":477,"y":390,"width":68,"height":12}},{"id":"e95fd736-770d-4d18-ab06-b88f008557a3","block_type":"box","text":"provides guidance on how a consumer should","page_number":19,"box":{"x":549,"y":390,"width":298,"height":12}},{"id":"362eb99e-97de-4b4c-acf9-b18a1e483ce6","block_type":"box","text":"handle objects it does not understand.","page_number":19,"box":{"x":340,"y":405,"width":245,"height":12}},{"id":"366716f4-7298-4530-b59c-138953b71bb1","block_type":"box","text":"Implementation note Some Acrobat 2.0 and subsequent products provide an interface that supports","page_number":19,"box":{"x":168,"y":434,"width":679,"height":12}},{"id":"6a6f8781-a8b6-4e1a-9928-91e5c4e766b8","block_type":"box","text":"plug-ins. These plug-ins can use and/or put private data objects within a PDF file.","page_number":19,"box":{"x":339,"y":450,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"5222d1ab-afcd-41a4-99ca-7ee9d0546867","block_type":"box","text":"Appendix G","page_number":19,"box":{"x":339,"y":465,"width":78,"height":11}},{"id":"41eacf23-1707-437c-88bc-3a6653e5a1a3","block_type":"box","text":"indicates the kinds of private data that can be used and","page_number":19,"box":{"x":422,"y":465,"width":361,"height":11}},{"id":"61cf9adb-1c3b-486e-9489-574a85b0e7df","block_type":"box","text":"Appendix F","page_number":19,"box":{"x":786,"y":465,"width":77,"height":11}},{"id":"52d77567-4da5-4565-8c5b-e34fc9128575","block_type":"box","text":"defines a registry for this data. The registry can be used to avoid conflicts in","page_number":19,"box":{"x":340,"y":480,"width":496,"height":11}},{"id":"5e0c44b5-dffb-4e3f-bea1-bf3c89b0de19","block_type":"box","text":"identifying data from independent plug-ins.","page_number":19,"box":{"x":341,"y":495,"width":280,"height":11}},{"id":"222af8e2-3e03-41fc-be92-e6c597912c42","block_type":"box","text":"New features introduced in PDF 1.1 include the following:","page_number":19,"box":{"x":340,"y":524,"width":382,"height":11}},{"id":"63435965-4ace-4b4d-9541-60d06c6f83f9","block_type":"box","text":"• The ability to protect a document with a password and to restrict operations on a","page_number":19,"box":{"x":341,"y":553,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"5e498d4b-8460-424b-91e9-1a03eaff0e6a","block_type":"box","text":"document.","page_number":19,"box":{"x":360,"y":568,"width":67,"height":9}},{"id":"06031e4d-99e4-46c3-88a0-1e3c73340959","block_type":"box","text":"• The ability to tie blocks of text together into “articles,” making reading easier.","page_number":19,"box":{"x":341,"y":597,"width":526,"height":12}},{"id":"2a48a4de-8511-4462-8abc-de42083bd931","block_type":"box","text":"• The generalization of link and bookmark destinations to “actions,” which","page_number":19,"box":{"x":341,"y":626,"width":496,"height":12}},{"id":"69b75fcb-c219-4d7a-90b1-eac2cbfb4fa9","block_type":"box","text":"include links to other PDF files and foreign files.","page_number":19,"box":{"x":360,"y":642,"width":316,"height":11}},{"id":"b6ef34d9-deb5-4901-a737-7893e434251e","block_type":"box","text":"• The ability to define new annotation types and to provide additional attributes","page_number":19,"box":{"x":341,"y":671,"width":524,"height":11}},{"id":"e98e1f87-0bb3-4a16-b7e8-448a4622e04b","block_type":"box","text":"for existing types.","page_number":19,"box":{"x":360,"y":686,"width":116,"height":11}},{"id":"ac2e3f64-b07a-4a9a-bb1d-a21c5a393916","block_type":"box","text":"• The ability to specify default settings and actions when a document is opened.","page_number":19,"box":{"x":341,"y":715,"width":527,"height":11}},{"id":"fa5d0fe5-707b-43dd-82d0-07a223783a78","block_type":"box","text":"• Device-independent color.","page_number":19,"box":{"x":341,"y":744,"width":189,"height":11}},{"id":"8f9f82e3-0341-4f4d-bc0d-a6c52f5ba342","block_type":"box","text":"• An ID included in files to make it easier to verify that a file is the correct file,","page_number":19,"box":{"x":341,"y":773,"width":520,"height":11}},{"id":"16752407-1a14-450d-bf34-5b0a20b040dc","block_type":"box","text":"even under circumstances where the file’s name is incorrect (such as files on","page_number":19,"box":{"x":360,"y":788,"width":496,"height":11}},{"id":"f09b4336-aaf1-4929-8fdf-de553264f908","block_type":"box","text":"some networks).","page_number":19,"box":{"x":360,"y":803,"width":106,"height":11}},{"id":"6599c098-001c-4737-8494-f3778c30197d","block_type":"box","text":"• A binary option that allows files to be smaller.","page_number":19,"box":{"x":341,"y":832,"width":319,"height":12}},{"id":"cb601dad-cc8f-45e5-9b31-39c80b763ef4","block_type":"box","text":"• A new date format that allows programmatic comparison of dates.","page_number":19,"box":{"x":341,"y":861,"width":449,"height":12}},{"id":"47a1662f-e034-46ad-b52e-e523f5e418d4","block_type":"box","text":"1: Introduction November 12, 1996","page_number":20,"box":{"x":146,"y":18,"width":436,"height":11}},{"id":"3771be34-590a-406d-9f36-25d852b399d0","block_type":"box","text":"22 Adobe Systems Inc.","page_number":20,"box":{"x":144,"y":905,"width":432,"height":11}},{"id":"9ff4d943-62c4-4f30-ab88-ae17426718dc","block_type":"box","text":"• The ability to provide additional document information.","page_number":20,"box":{"x":341,"y":87,"width":382,"height":11}},{"id":"199ef84b-f74c-4256-9247-ef0356f62a8f","block_type":"box","text":"Note In PDF 1.1, dictionary key names are often one or two letters in order to conserve","page_number":20,"box":{"x":289,"y":116,"width":585,"height":11}},{"id":"91710197-28aa-4387-b9d5-0534d96e0e5c","block_type":"box","text":"space in files. When these keys are described below, they are followed in","page_number":20,"box":{"x":340,"y":131,"width":471,"height":11}},{"id":"6f6845fb-25ba-43b5-89ca-1d6beb1ac85f","block_type":"box","text":"parentheses by a more descriptive string. However, only the actual one- or two\u0002","page_number":20,"box":{"x":339,"y":146,"width":519,"height":12}},{"id":"37966561-27c8-4900-b2b5-cbb355e765fd","block_type":"box","text":"letter name may be used in a PDF file.","page_number":20,"box":{"x":341,"y":162,"width":249,"height":11}},{"id":"e89a34fe-7929-4c49-941c-d0a84727871b","block_type":"box","text":"1.3 Introduction to the Third Edition—PDF 1.2","page_number":20,"box":{"x":294,"y":214,"width":433,"height":11}},{"id":"325f9d2f-a333-457c-b7b5-42220b305266","block_type":"box","text":"This document is a revision of the March 1, 1996, edition of","page_number":20,"box":{"x":340,"y":249,"width":393,"height":10}},{"id":"27146952-29c9-45d7-ae16-042effc9e8df","block_type":"box","text":"Portable Document","page_number":20,"box":{"x":737,"y":249,"width":128,"height":8}},{"id":"5f3b8c3c-49b2-4428-8149-7a6e30cc5ce8","block_type":"box","text":"Format Reference Manual","page_number":20,"box":{"x":340,"y":264,"width":172,"height":11}},{"id":"b003833b-17f4-4b8a-92e5-3efd70806413","block_type":"box","text":". It describes version 1.2 of the Portable Document","page_number":20,"box":{"x":514,"y":264,"width":330,"height":9}},{"id":"71b8da14-2df1-4f66-9005-fa44755c02ff","block_type":"box","text":"Format.","page_number":20,"box":{"x":340,"y":279,"width":50,"height":9}},{"id":"331c1c42-d99a-4e4e-9c03-5dfd14cc9489","block_type":"box","text":"Implementation note PDF 1.2 is the native file format of the Adobe Acrobat 3.0 family of products.","page_number":20,"box":{"x":168,"y":308,"width":674,"height":11}},{"id":"8c45350e-b724-481c-b855-565454d6b52f","block_type":"box","text":"New features introduced in PDF 1.2 include the following:","page_number":20,"box":{"x":340,"y":337,"width":382,"height":11}},{"id":"053400d7-e588-4d5d-8f60-0c267526f450","block_type":"box","text":"• Interactive elements with state, such as radio buttons and checkboxes.","page_number":20,"box":{"x":341,"y":366,"width":473,"height":11}},{"id":"e827c9ba-b721-45d0-8096-5b6941cb4c66","block_type":"box","text":"• Support for playing movies (from external files) and sounds (either embedded","page_number":20,"box":{"x":341,"y":395,"width":527,"height":12}},{"id":"cbf6a7b1-6c5f-47e7-aeef-a69e1858f527","block_type":"box","text":"in the PDF file or from external files).","page_number":20,"box":{"x":360,"y":410,"width":245,"height":11}},{"id":"80fb89be-fb2d-4f0e-9ca5-7bf4288000f8","block_type":"box","text":"• Interactive, fill-in forms, with PDF-based format for data that can be imported,","page_number":20,"box":{"x":341,"y":439,"width":531,"height":12}},{"id":"976f69ec-2af0-49cd-84af-3db4ce743e9a","block_type":"box","text":"exported, transmitted, and received from the Web.","page_number":20,"box":{"x":360,"y":455,"width":324,"height":11}},{"id":"3ef9dde2-b0e5-44b2-8376-e71d14d0cdaa","block_type":"box","text":"• Support for Chinese, Korean, and Japanese text.","page_number":20,"box":{"x":341,"y":484,"width":331,"height":11}},{"id":"64cf4c74-e1a5-46df-b537-9f1bb6437909","block_type":"box","text":"• Enhanced borders, highlights, and fully general appearances for annotations.","page_number":20,"box":{"x":341,"y":513,"width":517,"height":11}},{"id":"82db0b0d-850c-412d-aeb8-704dc9fbce36","block_type":"box","text":"• Support for responding to mouse-events.","page_number":20,"box":{"x":341,"y":542,"width":283,"height":11}},{"id":"59c5ecc1-b1c8-42e4-9588-7b29866242cd","block_type":"box","text":"• Essentially unlimited number of hypertext links.","page_number":20,"box":{"x":341,"y":571,"width":333,"height":11}},{"id":"65c8fbf7-45d7-4e2a-895b-c5e688d7bc49","block_type":"box","text":"• Support for OPI (Open Prepress Interface).","page_number":20,"box":{"x":341,"y":600,"width":298,"height":11}},{"id":"cb246240-9545-4b94-8480-2321d287db5e","block_type":"box","text":"• Advanced color features, such as halftone screens, transfer functions, patterns,","page_number":20,"box":{"x":341,"y":629,"width":529,"height":11}},{"id":"6cdf374d-8e58-46a6-a8a3-4335bbfbebeb","block_type":"box","text":"and separation color spaces.","page_number":20,"box":{"x":360,"y":644,"width":182,"height":11}},{"id":"cc696ddd-9fbd-491d-a277-f7f2b45931a8","block_type":"box","text":"Note PDF is an evolving language, and new editions of this manual will be offered on","page_number":20,"box":{"x":289,"y":673,"width":576,"height":11}},{"id":"ce7bee8a-e89a-45d6-ab66-546bf1105b17","block_type":"box","text":"an ongoing basis to document the changes. The most recent version will be","page_number":20,"box":{"x":340,"y":688,"width":489,"height":11}},{"id":"e0d0710e-4bf1-4a80-9571-bbe12ed517b8","block_type":"box","text":"available on the Adobe’s Web site.","page_number":20,"box":{"x":340,"y":703,"width":221,"height":9}},{"id":"6ac6477a-852c-4186-bd27-82960f35b492","block_type":"box","text":"While many readers will use a printed copy of this manual, others will refer to it","page_number":20,"box":{"x":340,"y":732,"width":524,"height":12}},{"id":"eed2f5ec-a920-4f13-8fd4-faeb2bb23fcf","block_type":"box","text":"online. With that in mind, many changes have been made to the formatting, such as","page_number":20,"box":{"x":340,"y":748,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"ffa8ae1c-9ea7-4489-8f21-6c1e33a35a76","block_type":"box","text":"the choice and size of fonts, to make on-screen reading somewhat easier.","page_number":20,"box":{"x":340,"y":763,"width":473,"height":11}},{"id":"6e7e0e9c-1d86-492f-bd7e-4942623f5137","block_type":"box","text":"1.4 Conventions used in this book","page_number":20,"box":{"x":294,"y":815,"width":330,"height":11}},{"id":"45577dda-d8a1-40fd-b8c5-5de54c8b93b0","block_type":"box","text":"Text styles are used to identify various operators, keywords, terms, and objects.","page_number":20,"box":{"x":340,"y":850,"width":516,"height":11}},{"id":"ed675ba0-c487-4916-b14a-9a96d5904613","block_type":"box","text":"Five formatting styles are used in this book:","page_number":20,"box":{"x":340,"y":865,"width":285,"height":11}},{"id":"f50470f1-7cca-4fac-8e7a-8e3f9def5d4b","block_type":"box","text":"November 12, 1996","page_number":21,"box":{"x":441,"y":18,"width":141,"height":11}},{"id":"9e927b12-a79c-444b-9948-9c0f615ae9c0","block_type":"box","text":"1: Introduction 23","page_number":21,"box":{"x":714,"y":905,"width":164,"height":9}},{"id":"382aa8d4-2712-430c-8c3b-60d42377149e","block_type":"box","text":"• PostScript language operators, PDF operators, PDF keywords, the names of","page_number":21,"box":{"x":341,"y":87,"width":514,"height":11}},{"id":"9691c0c0-a584-49a7-959c-67c60b6c0eea","block_type":"box","text":"keys in dictionaries, and other predefined names are written in boldface.","page_number":21,"box":{"x":360,"y":102,"width":468,"height":12}},{"id":"a4644f76-ed3a-4a0e-b14b-2b0bdf56b7fa","block_type":"box","text":"Examples are","page_number":21,"box":{"x":360,"y":117,"width":88,"height":12}},{"id":"39531acb-747e-4668-be6e-b4e19994b83c","block_type":"box","text":"moveto","page_number":21,"box":{"x":453,"y":117,"width":56,"height":9}},{"id":"cd4b4c5a-e838-4cdd-a331-4578e8001ecf","block_type":"box","text":",","page_number":21,"box":{"x":511,"y":125,"width":2,"height":3}},{"id":"1933dbf9-0dac-4b48-bbbc-5a851c6e993c","block_type":"box","text":"Tf","page_number":21,"box":{"x":516,"y":117,"width":15,"height":9}},{"id":"1b2ba23d-66a3-4819-8855-de6bdeed4693","block_type":"box","text":",","page_number":21,"box":{"x":532,"y":125,"width":3,"height":3}},{"id":"a945e537-606c-48f4-95f6-81cd74d85742","block_type":"box","text":"stream","page_number":21,"box":{"x":540,"y":117,"width":52,"height":9}},{"id":"6ea0076b-6cd3-43b0-b484-a0c35d0fa039","block_type":"box","text":",","page_number":21,"box":{"x":594,"y":125,"width":2,"height":3}},{"id":"2c2ccc46-9c2e-4b93-be96-4ac75ed7976a","block_type":"box","text":"Type","page_number":21,"box":{"x":600,"y":117,"width":36,"height":12}},{"id":"69094178-636c-413e-bf49-ae362e53ba67","block_type":"box","text":", and","page_number":21,"box":{"x":638,"y":117,"width":30,"height":11}},{"id":"f394150a-5ddb-400f-8544-f7cf4c9b70f7","block_type":"box","text":"MacRomanEncoding","page_number":21,"box":{"x":674,"y":117,"width":159,"height":12}},{"id":"bf994bc3-cea7-47d8-bf72-bf9be6f40069","block_type":"box","text":".","page_number":21,"box":{"x":835,"y":125,"width":2,"height":1}},{"id":"2edd2387-6a1d-44d0-9190-a86059123520","block_type":"box","text":"• Operands of PDF operators are written in an italic sans serif font. 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An example is","page_number":21,"box":{"x":341,"y":191,"width":442,"height":11}},{"id":"2eed0447-2baa-4be7-9c11-fab625ea5ca6","block_type":"box","text":"FontDescriptor.","page_number":21,"box":{"x":360,"y":206,"width":100,"height":11}},{"id":"c6f06d22-d8c6-4f41-a9e1-8d04b7001786","block_type":"box","text":"• The first occurrence of terms and the boolean values","page_number":21,"box":{"x":341,"y":235,"width":359,"height":9}},{"id":"06b10d73-3f93-4b87-9d70-3def8c17cada","block_type":"box","text":"true","page_number":21,"box":{"x":706,"y":237,"width":25,"height":7}},{"id":"a38cdbfe-9d59-4de9-acd0-7b8c084cac37","block_type":"box","text":"and","page_number":21,"box":{"x":736,"y":235,"width":23,"height":9}},{"id":"2aad77de-f22f-4fa1-bd55-360a37b382cb","block_type":"box","text":"false","page_number":21,"box":{"x":761,"y":235,"width":32,"height":11}},{"id":"f975f4a5-8aef-4df5-a8c2-004105b920ee","block_type":"box","text":"are written","page_number":21,"box":{"x":798,"y":235,"width":70,"height":9}},{"id":"f4c3b715-4019-4211-834c-ca370ad8eb4f","block_type":"box","text":"in italics. This style is also used for emphasis.","page_number":21,"box":{"x":360,"y":250,"width":297,"height":11}},{"id":"e2750b5d-61c0-4e5d-85c0-e9ddf3af7b4e","block_type":"box","text":"• Samples of code as it would appear in a PDF file are written in a monospaced","page_number":21,"box":{"x":341,"y":279,"width":525,"height":11}},{"id":"57766138-46a9-4876-a048-79ab1502c81f","block_type":"box","text":"font. 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Because these operators are implemented directly in","page_number":30,"box":{"x":340,"y":385,"width":517,"height":11}},{"id":"a4b2c099-d324-43b2-ab64-47e10bbd4c3e","block_type":"box","text":"machine code rather than PostScript language code, PDF page descriptions can be","page_number":30,"box":{"x":340,"y":400,"width":534,"height":12}},{"id":"1b00dd81-e98a-45b7-82c8-a12b6cfece15","block_type":"box","text":"drawn more quickly. Because arbitrary programming constructs are not permitted,","page_number":30,"box":{"x":340,"y":415,"width":534,"height":12}},{"id":"de17b588-b18b-40aa-b4a0-6a549407084f","block_type":"box","text":"applications can more efficiently and reliably locate text strings in a PDF","page_number":30,"box":{"x":340,"y":431,"width":476,"height":11}},{"id":"b4339aca-ab96-4209-982a-260525e49982","block_type":"box","text":"document.","page_number":30,"box":{"x":340,"y":446,"width":67,"height":8}},{"id":"bc835465-3898-40e3-9e7e-bd3e0f2850dd","block_type":"box","text":"2.3.2 Portability","page_number":30,"box":{"x":284,"y":481,"width":135,"height":11}},{"id":"02495f89-83a4-4d73-bd3f-d8af7fda4c6a","block_type":"box","text":"A PDF file is either a 7-bit ASCII file or a binary file. If it is a 7-bit ASCII file, only","page_number":30,"box":{"x":340,"y":513,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"db8dc31e-84d5-4d51-9855-1321788b593f","block_type":"box","text":"the printable subset of the 7-bit ASCII code plus space, tab, carriage return, and","page_number":30,"box":{"x":340,"y":528,"width":519,"height":11}},{"id":"6c17ef97-44ff-445f-b856-60fe86dff325","block_type":"box","text":"linefeed are used. If it is a binary file, the entire 8-bit range of characters may be","page_number":30,"box":{"x":340,"y":543,"width":524,"height":11}},{"id":"bd87c641-ce70-4adf-a89a-9e348a6f42b5","block_type":"box","text":"used.","page_number":30,"box":{"x":340,"y":558,"width":33,"height":9}},{"id":"cdeac819-fd4b-428d-b677-441780500173","block_type":"box","text":"ASCII is the most portable form, since it is the only form that will fit through","page_number":30,"box":{"x":340,"y":587,"width":504,"height":12}},{"id":"de54cff5-3cf2-4905-b5d1-f580ba1ce2c6","block_type":"box","text":"channels that are not 8-bit clean or are subject to end-of-line translation, etc. A","page_number":30,"box":{"x":340,"y":602,"width":512,"height":12}},{"id":"861574cd-80e9-4f82-9c8c-7f5214c7704d","block_type":"box","text":"binary file simply cannot be transported in such cases.","page_number":30,"box":{"x":340,"y":618,"width":352,"height":11}},{"id":"a4c10b38-556d-4fa5-917a-7f8ac5f5b2b9","block_type":"box","text":"Unfortunately, some agents, when presented with information labelled as “text,”","page_number":30,"box":{"x":340,"y":647,"width":522,"height":11}},{"id":"15e91c20-436b-4208-ae38-fbacbd74c5ab","block_type":"box","text":"take unreasonable liberties with the contents. For example, mail transmission","page_number":30,"box":{"x":340,"y":662,"width":503,"height":11}},{"id":"3c2b3c34-5ba4-425a-9a26-3be6e18b4f50","block_type":"box","text":"systems may not preserve certain 7-bit characters and may change line endings.","page_number":30,"box":{"x":341,"y":677,"width":517,"height":11}},{"id":"223c5a6f-b1aa-4597-86d5-54edeb38df25","block_type":"box","text":"This can cause damage to PDF files.","page_number":30,"box":{"x":340,"y":692,"width":236,"height":11}},{"id":"0378d267-8cb6-4f05-a3a9-79d8042bacb5","block_type":"box","text":"Therefore, in situations where it is possible to label PDF files as “binary,” we","page_number":30,"box":{"x":340,"y":721,"width":502,"height":11}},{"id":"f830822d-6cdc-43f8-a1ec-e456fa032c0f","block_type":"box","text":"recommend that this be done. One method for encouraging such treatment is to","page_number":30,"box":{"x":340,"y":736,"width":516,"height":12}},{"id":"1a9c007f-e8f3-4a6b-9981-ce414e3b72b5","block_type":"box","text":"include a few binary characters (codes greater than 127) in a comment near the","page_number":30,"box":{"x":340,"y":751,"width":515,"height":12}},{"id":"75f0ac93-5d04-4afd-823e-17d366897a3b","block_type":"box","text":"beginning of the file, as described in","page_number":30,"box":{"x":340,"y":767,"width":237,"height":11}},{"id":"7accc186-2d75-4a24-be47-fd06578d8e11","block_type":"box","text":"Section 5.1 on pa","page_number":30,"box":{"x":582,"y":767,"width":112,"height":11}},{"id":"49521104-d7f9-4cae-aa31-2468b3cfbc1c","block_type":"box","text":"g","page_number":30,"box":{"x":695,"y":769,"width":7,"height":9}},{"id":"08a3b987-4f40-4e9d-a88a-60ee4324f54b","block_type":"box","text":"e 65","page_number":30,"box":{"x":703,"y":767,"width":26,"height":8}},{"id":"e24685bb-5cd1-4cae-9ad7-1fa6bf881e56","block_type":"box","text":",","page_number":30,"box":{"x":731,"y":774,"width":2,"height":3}},{"id":"a7862e37-3eb0-47ce-9d09-77724370c254","block_type":"box","text":"even if the rest of the","page_number":30,"box":{"x":739,"y":767,"width":135,"height":11}},{"id":"4ac863bf-68c5-4bd8-beb4-3101a0c68186","block_type":"box","text":"file is ASCII","page_number":30,"box":{"x":338,"y":782,"width":81,"height":11}},{"id":"b8b63399-5c4b-4c7b-9412-8e447548d715","block_type":"box","text":". This ensures that a PDF file will be treated as binary when this is","page_number":30,"box":{"x":420,"y":782,"width":430,"height":11}},{"id":"5227aaed-72a3-455f-a01a-54f5b75cbbd7","block_type":"box","text":"possible, while still allowing it to be transferred through a non-binary channel","page_number":30,"box":{"x":340,"y":797,"width":508,"height":11}},{"id":"7a8a2a32-b8ba-4e3a-9373-3e81c8883d97","block_type":"box","text":"without damage.","page_number":30,"box":{"x":340,"y":812,"width":108,"height":11}},{"id":"2e5e164a-b1ad-46f7-847f-651465ce1d19","block_type":"box","text":"Implementation note Acrobat applications produce PDF files with a comment that includes binary","page_number":30,"box":{"x":168,"y":841,"width":674,"height":11}},{"id":"cabff0b0-0166-4c6e-b701-3d5ace82ca81","block_type":"box","text":"characters.","page_number":30,"box":{"x":340,"y":856,"width":72,"height":9}},{"id":"a3a3bf58-28f4-43cb-bd23-063a64af5ec4","block_type":"box","text":"PDF 1.1","page_number":30,"box":{"x":913,"y":481,"width":56,"height":9}},{"id":"d13a05a3-0b97-470f-bbe0-51e4522bbe02","block_type":"box","text":"November 12, 1996 2.3.3","page_number":31,"box":{"x":441,"y":18,"width":437,"height":11}},{"id":"4b303d89-67bc-4682-91ee-e67bcdbc9abe","block_type":"box","text":"2: Overview 33","page_number":31,"box":{"x":730,"y":905,"width":148,"height":9}},{"id":"eb9e3633-7c48-4b65-a519-5a78e2b8423b","block_type":"box","text":"2.3.3 Compression","page_number":31,"box":{"x":284,"y":86,"width":159,"height":12}},{"id":"e25a5b11-ce75-439d-a07f-1a674ad4d7d1","block_type":"box","text":"To reduce file size, PDF supports a number of industry-standard compression","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":119,"width":504,"height":11}},{"id":"b6337fac-f0d2-4404-930d-3cc67c73df00","block_type":"box","text":"filters:","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":134,"width":40,"height":8}},{"id":"4a3bf08d-e942-4c1b-9260-4e0d83cf1d8b","block_type":"box","text":"• JPEG compression of color and grayscale images","page_number":31,"box":{"x":341,"y":163,"width":341,"height":11}},{"id":"08071b8a-452a-422c-a256-914719ec8716","block_type":"box","text":"• CCITT Group 3, CCITT Group 4, LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch), and Run Length","page_number":31,"box":{"x":341,"y":192,"width":533,"height":11}},{"id":"c321f904-0118-433d-b7e0-f7ea0211de50","block_type":"box","text":"compression of monochrome images","page_number":31,"box":{"x":360,"y":207,"width":240,"height":11}},{"id":"f34920d1-eb67-450f-87f0-351f6ca5cf90","block_type":"box","text":"• LZW and Flate compression of text, graphics, and indexed image data.","page_number":31,"box":{"x":341,"y":236,"width":480,"height":11}},{"id":"ad97e8b0-c0d9-4d55-a8c6-274153dd8dd7","block_type":"box","text":"Using JPEG compression, color and grayscale images can be compressed by a","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":265,"width":511,"height":11}},{"id":"eb40209f-e3ba-47d9-8be4-27b40a843dd5","block_type":"box","text":"factor of 10 or more. Effective compression of monochrome images depends upon","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":280,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"ccb56056-ba88-482f-8ac4-ff493e3d5d71","block_type":"box","text":"the compression filter used and the properties of the image, but reductions of 2:1 to","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":295,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"b8b5df92-f2d2-4b53-9e2d-f853a64e27ab","block_type":"box","text":"8:1 are common. LZW compression of text and graphics comprising the balance of","page_number":31,"box":{"x":341,"y":311,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"6d84a182-654a-44f9-9a6f-6941bde9850b","block_type":"box","text":"the document results in compression ratios of approximately 2:1. All of these","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":326,"width":503,"height":11}},{"id":"814a51f9-69fc-42b9-8018-25eeb6728341","block_type":"box","text":"compression filters produce binary data, which may then be encoded in the ASCII","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":341,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"c6e61b98-b796-4897-a7f0-e708697498ff","block_type":"box","text":"base-85 encoding to maintain portability.","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":356,"width":267,"height":11}},{"id":"e8ba3dc3-c8dc-450f-b8d4-a1451f74d1f5","block_type":"box","text":"2.3.4 Font independence","page_number":31,"box":{"x":284,"y":391,"width":205,"height":12}},{"id":"985f7560-2224-44ad-81e3-0e74a430becb","block_type":"box","text":"Managing fonts is a fundamental challenge in document exchange. Generally, the","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":423,"width":531,"height":11}},{"id":"16db76f9-1113-4ed8-a226-8c221cda2827","block_type":"box","text":"receiver of a document must have the same fonts the sender used to create the","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":438,"width":506,"height":9}},{"id":"e2a0fa01-c3e2-405e-a338-2604144bc2a0","block_type":"box","text":"document. Otherwise, a default font is substituted, producing unexpected and","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":453,"width":504,"height":12}},{"id":"f1c6c04b-ab26-4c00-9ed3-7b499a36788d","block_type":"box","text":"undesirable effects because the default font has different character metrics (widths)","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":468,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"d1f65968-1355-49bd-acf0-6abb61d22938","block_type":"box","text":"than the intended font. The sender could include the fonts with the document, but","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":484,"width":530,"height":10}},{"id":"89624259-99e0-4909-9613-d3a538661135","block_type":"box","text":"this can easily make even a short document quite large—a typical two-page memo","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":499,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"bc351ee5-3f3f-4c2a-9850-6fbc9cca0937","block_type":"box","text":"using four fonts might grow from 10K to 250K. Another possibility is that the","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":514,"width":508,"height":11}},{"id":"a3905aa7-f36d-4a1b-9efa-bff9d3512487","block_type":"box","text":"sender could convert each page of the document to a fixed-resolution image like a","page_number":31,"box":{"x":341,"y":529,"width":532,"height":11}},{"id":"5c3cc766-190c-4645-8970-982e5853d86e","block_type":"box","text":"facsimile. Even when compressed, however, the image of a single page can be","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":544,"width":509,"height":12}},{"id":"8669e09f-55c5-450e-bf8a-0eaf9fc7a6f9","block_type":"box","text":"quite large (45–60K when sampled at 200 dpi). In addition, there is no intelligence","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":559,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"c20d7887-7627-42d9-b930-b2ccc01d8c08","block_type":"box","text":"left in the file, preventing the receiver from searching for or extracting text from","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":575,"width":521,"height":11}},{"id":"c1eb7278-6111-4892-bb2d-e2fbca38b311","block_type":"box","text":"the document.","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":590,"width":91,"height":8}},{"id":"d4194c7e-9df8-4d3a-8ebc-17f09de353e4","block_type":"box","text":"PDF provides a new solution that makes a document independent of the fonts used","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":619,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"f932787c-ad3b-467d-be7e-e3934d39c5a0","block_type":"box","text":"to create it. A PDF file contains a","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":634,"width":215,"height":9}},{"id":"bdf8f6cd-1ab8-44dc-b6e0-4ec867979395","block_type":"box","text":"font descriptor","page_number":31,"box":{"x":556,"y":634,"width":99,"height":11}},{"id":"23ba2a0f-5a58-415e-af4d-91c0b88b4857","block_type":"box","text":"for each font used in a document.","page_number":31,"box":{"x":659,"y":634,"width":215,"height":9}},{"id":"e04f32dd-c348-4ff2-ad81-20828492401a","block_type":"box","text":"The font descriptor includes the font name, character metrics, and style","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":649,"width":464,"height":11}},{"id":"b9f1bbec-8cf7-42fd-a10c-40e76ea1581a","block_type":"box","text":"information. This is the information needed to simulate missing fonts and is","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":664,"width":494,"height":12}},{"id":"29987a81-5cb2-4d82-9b71-16d52c2ff3d9","block_type":"box","text":"typically only 1–2K per font.","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":679,"width":189,"height":12}},{"id":"b37c7bfb-9eb9-4e07-88b4-5ac30719950d","block_type":"box","text":"If a font used in a document is available on the computer where the document is","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":708,"width":521,"height":12}},{"id":"94c2aa50-d4eb-4a5e-b8fd-aef8153c58d5","block_type":"box","text":"viewed, it is used. If it is not available, a multiple master font is used to simulate on","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":724,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"874a6fc2-ed32-41bb-87a7-440b8bd8deeb","block_type":"box","text":"a character-by-character basis the weight and width of the original font, to","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":739,"width":483,"height":11}},{"id":"76520142-2490-4b1e-b074-0a60c01e89a9","block_type":"box","text":"maintain the overall “color” and formatting of the document. This solution applies","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":754,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"0755e260-3677-4f1b-b950-fba88cfdaf41","block_type":"box","text":"to both Adobe Type 1 fonts and fonts in the TrueType™ format","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":769,"width":413,"height":11}},{"id":"75bfbbb4-def0-4687-922c-8784509dbe37","block_type":"box","text":"[20]","page_number":31,"box":{"x":758,"y":769,"width":24,"height":11}},{"id":"fc9d17ef-258f-43d3-935e-4c40b5bac491","block_type":"box","text":"developed by","page_number":31,"box":{"x":788,"y":769,"width":86,"height":11}},{"id":"1fa6226e-4043-4faa-9f3a-0f70cd17d5a9","block_type":"box","text":"Apple Computer, Inc.","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":784,"width":140,"height":12}},{"id":"e6e709e8-e741-47d2-bb8e-e8012cdccf91","block_type":"box","text":"S","page_number":31,"box":{"x":341,"y":813,"width":7,"height":9}},{"id":"638c733a-2c33-4894-9163-e2b00660ef6f","block_type":"box","text":"ymbolic","page_number":31,"box":{"x":349,"y":813,"width":51,"height":12}},{"id":"c0e08082-fc6f-4e0a-984c-81cc020310ac","block_type":"box","text":"fonts","page_number":31,"box":{"x":402,"y":813,"width":34,"height":12}},{"id":"d317b62c-b5ac-407e-9d7c-36642b97ca42","block_type":"box","text":"must be handled in a special way. A symbolic font is any font that","page_number":31,"box":{"x":441,"y":813,"width":429,"height":12}},{"id":"700578eb-87d5-4f22-8a25-a6f7f5d2f8bf","block_type":"box","text":"does not use the standard ISOLatin1 character set. Fonts such as Carta","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":828,"width":458,"height":9}},{"id":"6a5314fe-0694-41fb-8893-b89b107be1e3","block_type":"box","text":"®","page_number":31,"box":{"x":799,"y":825,"width":9,"height":7}},{"id":"4d2183d2-8d37-430a-894b-a5e2ef6600e7","block_type":"box","text":", Adobe","page_number":31,"box":{"x":809,"y":828,"width":50,"height":11}},{"id":"12f13637-2544-4887-9b1a-5dfe2afc65ae","block_type":"box","text":"Caslon Swash Italic, Minion™ Ornaments, and Lucida","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":844,"width":359,"height":10}},{"id":"9effb1f0-8b54-4752-ad25-873a4de72bd4","block_type":"box","text":"®","page_number":31,"box":{"x":699,"y":840,"width":9,"height":7}},{"id":"495f6471-64eb-4598-a6e6-3ac8e760f8d1","block_type":"box","text":"Math fall into this","page_number":31,"box":{"x":713,"y":844,"width":116,"height":8}},{"id":"3a759e27-15dc-4fbc-8c2c-d316ea1b199c","block_type":"box","text":"category. It is not possible to simulate a symbolic font effectively.","page_number":31,"box":{"x":340,"y":859,"width":427,"height":11}},{"id":"725b60cb-5532-41b8-938b-35a5f90242a6","block_type":"box","text":"PDF 1.2","page_number":31,"box":{"x":913,"y":236,"width":58,"height":9}},{"id":"ab3b6238-6d6d-4559-8466-0102c06aa55f","block_type":"box","text":"2: Overview November 12, 1996","page_number":32,"box":{"x":144,"y":18,"width":438,"height":11}},{"id":"95955e8b-97de-43e3-8abf-8ca82cd85c78","block_type":"box","text":"34 Adobe Systems Inc.","page_number":32,"box":{"x":144,"y":905,"width":432,"height":11}},{"id":"63ff396d-3766-4ab8-9e7c-ce8ee4fb54e2","block_type":"box","text":"For symbolic fonts, a font descriptor (including metrics and style information) is","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":87,"width":525,"height":11}},{"id":"d3e4d3ab-2dc4-444e-af76-89fb834d3fdf","block_type":"box","text":"not sufficient; the actual character shapes (or glyphs) are required to accurately","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":102,"width":515,"height":12}},{"id":"49462c01-8c32-4bd7-a981-daa52b784d3a","block_type":"box","text":"display and print the document. For all symbolic fonts other than Symbol and ITC","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":117,"width":534,"height":12}},{"id":"4f874d1b-d2c8-4a29-b64e-449f228eaa85","block_type":"box","text":"Zapf Dingbats","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":132,"width":93,"height":12}},{"id":"9afbf542-d563-4985-9be2-6e76e6b101ff","block_type":"box","text":"®","page_number":32,"box":{"x":434,"y":129,"width":9,"height":7}},{"id":"669b495f-d318-48de-9119-9fcf9c652226","block_type":"box","text":", a compressed version of the Type 1 font program for the font is","page_number":32,"box":{"x":445,"y":132,"width":419,"height":12}},{"id":"71836a9c-b21c-41e5-aff4-6b65e77c5616","block_type":"box","text":"included in the PDF file. Symbol and ITC Zapf Dingbats, the most widely used","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":148,"width":517,"height":11}},{"id":"168ee3ce-916d-4096-8d11-97318340491c","block_type":"box","text":"symbolic fonts, ship with Acrobat Exchange and Acrobat Reader and do not need","page_number":32,"box":{"x":341,"y":163,"width":530,"height":11}},{"id":"176aac9a-055c-4f4d-96dc-e9e36924cf58","block_type":"box","text":"to be included in a PDF file.","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":178,"width":182,"height":9}},{"id":"f0676ec1-3f36-4ea9-adf7-aca784346bf8","block_type":"box","text":"2.3.5 Single-pass file generation","page_number":32,"box":{"x":284,"y":213,"width":263,"height":12}},{"id":"6eaa7b83-fec3-4edb-9d0f-7f0423e93cee","block_type":"box","text":"Because of system limitations and efficiency considerations, it may be desirable or","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":245,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"9e82f3ee-5822-4607-9180-4f34fa01742e","block_type":"box","text":"necessary for an implementation of a program that produces PDF such as the PDF","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":260,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"f47101d3-59a5-43de-a764-85762ac0873e","block_type":"box","text":"Writer to create a PDF file in a single pass. This may be, for example, because the","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":275,"width":534,"height":12}},{"id":"1c4239cd-e32f-4863-9028-62c4f41815bf","block_type":"box","text":"application has access to limited memory or is unable to open temporary files. For","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":290,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"bc6aa746-0bbe-4c47-a233-2bcecdb73099","block_type":"box","text":"this reason, PDF supports single-pass generation of files. While PDF requires","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":306,"width":504,"height":11}},{"id":"ce829b85-0061-48dd-ad4e-9fbeaad5f525","block_type":"box","text":"certain objects to contain a number specifying their length in bytes, a mechanism is","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":321,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"29125904-83f4-4e96-9c26-561d4fe6b9ad","block_type":"box","text":"provided allowing the length to be located in the file after the object. In addition,","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":336,"width":525,"height":11}},{"id":"72eea07e-c869-4afb-9e86-e1e433cecbf8","block_type":"box","text":"information such as the number of pages in the document can be written into the","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":351,"width":525,"height":11}},{"id":"78ebed83-2a45-41b3-ad58-1fd212a5e186","block_type":"box","text":"file after all pages have been written into the file.","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":366,"width":317,"height":12}},{"id":"8553315d-e83b-4e63-abc2-d21fd9a3b891","block_type":"box","text":"2.3.6 Random access","page_number":32,"box":{"x":284,"y":401,"width":180,"height":9}},{"id":"0578de8c-3b6a-4b14-8a5b-fa14a9b5ba09","block_type":"box","text":"Tools that extract and display a selected page from a PostScript language program","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":433,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"cb5f4c25-0252-43b9-b1fc-07d54108afe4","block_type":"box","text":"must scan the program from its beginning until the desired page is found. On","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":448,"width":502,"height":12}},{"id":"e66e71c5-458d-499e-86ec-b99260d1af67","block_type":"box","text":"average, the time needed to view a page depends not only on the complexity of the","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":463,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"141bc122-f0cc-4684-9103-141a74bf09da","block_type":"box","text":"page but also on the total number of pages in the document. This is problematic for","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":479,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"a3540dd9-0b62-4d67-9c31-d5dd2f3d424d","block_type":"box","text":"interactive document viewing, where it is important that the time needed to view a","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":494,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"74fefa33-0d63-4ecc-99d5-eaddd0e0b07f","block_type":"box","text":"page be independent of the total number of pages in the document.","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":509,"width":434,"height":11}},{"id":"261d3b3e-f86e-4098-a4ea-f87127ea9349","block_type":"box","text":"Every PDF file contains a cross-reference table that can be used to locate and","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":538,"width":503,"height":11}},{"id":"1a36600c-07bf-4cd6-a248-dcad5f843c1c","block_type":"box","text":"directly access pages and other important objects in the file. The location of the","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":553,"width":517,"height":11}},{"id":"a4c28a4e-fb2e-41d1-84cc-f831751d9309","block_type":"box","text":"cross-reference table is stored at the end of the file, allowing applications that","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":568,"width":505,"height":12}},{"id":"6d271fef-87cd-4acc-9a38-63eafc9abeec","block_type":"box","text":"produce PDF files in a single pass to store it easily and allowing applications that","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":583,"width":529,"height":12}},{"id":"a4fd5cd6-ee90-4eb8-9e6f-8a20607e3633","block_type":"box","text":"read PDF files to locate it easily. Using the cross-reference table, the time needed","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":599,"width":530,"height":11}},{"id":"40382c7f-8c2c-4685-8202-203a7bc2d933","block_type":"box","text":"to view a page in a PDF file can be nearly independent of the total number of pages","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":614,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"c21d023e-89c9-4d62-9443-1bd4fd4b8b9e","block_type":"box","text":"in the document.","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":629,"width":108,"height":9}},{"id":"3e9f713d-c8dc-4123-a295-2be3405879a8","block_type":"box","text":"2.3.7 Incremental update","page_number":32,"box":{"x":284,"y":664,"width":205,"height":11}},{"id":"98067938-e56d-4ead-8bb1-e23dc28d68d6","block_type":"box","text":"Applications may allow users to modify PDF documents, which can contain","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":696,"width":497,"height":11}},{"id":"90b4c12d-41c7-4ced-ab10-91bcb41fb169","block_type":"box","text":"hundreds of pages or more. Users should not have to wait for the entire file to be","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":711,"width":524,"height":11}},{"id":"95c04432-042b-4f11-afae-39ef9944a0a4","block_type":"box","text":"rewritten each time modifications to the document are saved. PDF allows","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":726,"width":476,"height":9}},{"id":"46570a1a-323a-4bb6-9cde-8bf20e971188","block_type":"box","text":"modifications to be appended to a file, leaving the original data intact. The","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":741,"width":484,"height":12}},{"id":"a4f96082-45b9-451e-be6e-1158bff2861a","block_type":"box","text":"addendum appended when a file is incrementally updated contains only the objects","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":756,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"dd8e0d1e-7bfd-49fd-93c8-991ef2de76d5","block_type":"box","text":"that were modified or added, and includes an update to the cross-reference table.","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":772,"width":524,"height":11}},{"id":"64a671cd-9300-48ac-9d28-a2d317b8c6db","block_type":"box","text":"Support for incremental update allows an application to save modifications to a","page_number":32,"box":{"x":341,"y":787,"width":515,"height":11}},{"id":"338ac187-8960-4f5d-9449-526e975cf31d","block_type":"box","text":"PDF document in an amount of time proportional to the size of the modification","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":802,"width":522,"height":11}},{"id":"d66cf220-5255-4893-b2c8-2bb69a1b0a7f","block_type":"box","text":"instead of the size of the file. In addition, because the original contents of the file","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":817,"width":527,"height":11}},{"id":"2f492fc3-a26f-4699-b2e3-2c884fe7ec24","block_type":"box","text":"are still present in the file, it is possible to undo saved changes by deleting one or","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":832,"width":529,"height":12}},{"id":"79a8b0d2-a6fc-4666-abbf-81f5f533d69f","block_type":"box","text":"more addenda.","page_number":32,"box":{"x":340,"y":847,"width":95,"height":9}},{"id":"cbc925d4-a6f1-4444-b4d9-0d9c7780a9c2","block_type":"box","text":"November 12, 1996 2.3.8","page_number":33,"box":{"x":441,"y":18,"width":437,"height":11}},{"id":"4a4c49d3-eb2c-446e-8176-62110247f01a","block_type":"box","text":"2: Overview 35","page_number":33,"box":{"x":730,"y":905,"width":148,"height":9}},{"id":"1a7f6a42-e9cd-4633-879e-d16bb6901f72","block_type":"box","text":"2.3.8 Extensibility","page_number":33,"box":{"x":284,"y":86,"width":152,"height":12}},{"id":"c4024404-d5c2-4fff-8020-afc255a3575f","block_type":"box","text":"PDF is designed to be extensible. Undoubtedly, developers will want to add","page_number":33,"box":{"x":340,"y":119,"width":493,"height":11}},{"id":"3a68ba8b-7fea-453c-aaac-b7f8de17d410","block_type":"box","text":"features to PDF that have not yet been implemented or thought of.","page_number":33,"box":{"x":340,"y":134,"width":431,"height":11}},{"id":"67f18c9b-88ad-43fd-8724-ff5c75cdca48","block_type":"box","text":"The design of PDF is such that not only can new features be added, but","page_number":33,"box":{"x":340,"y":163,"width":464,"height":11}},{"id":"d4ffb3e1-2b7e-4775-97e1-c47d83fc8eaf","block_type":"box","text":"applications that understand earlier versions of the format will not completely","page_number":33,"box":{"x":340,"y":178,"width":507,"height":11}},{"id":"6e105513-7ae5-4a06-9442-29ccf840aeff","block_type":"box","text":"break when they encounter features that they do not implement.","page_number":33,"box":{"x":340,"y":193,"width":414,"height":11}},{"id":"627b0dc9-7285-4b78-b4f1-03de48ff8b2d","block_type":"box","text":"A","page_number":33,"box":{"x":760,"y":193,"width":11,"height":9}},{"id":"a1229424-e39b-49cd-9ba8-d629d1b5419e","block_type":"box","text":"ppendix G","page_number":33,"box":{"x":771,"y":193,"width":69,"height":11}},{"id":"c9935d30-9c5f-4e23-ad90-d2f13d8cc8a7","block_type":"box","text":",","page_number":33,"box":{"x":841,"y":200,"width":2,"height":4}},{"id":"99af0a9b-7c33-4347-b4d5-c47f539a3d29","block_type":"box","text":"“","page_number":33,"box":{"x":341,"y":208,"width":6,"height":3}},{"id":"685561dd-01cf-403e-904f-889341036305","block_type":"box","text":"Compa","page_number":33,"box":{"x":348,"y":208,"width":46,"height":12}},{"id":"f2eebe48-4171-49fb-9ef5-9b097cef5441","block_type":"box","text":"tibility and Implementa","page_number":33,"box":{"x":394,"y":208,"width":154,"height":12}},{"id":"d91308b7-9276-4cea-a770-dc6027812d90","block_type":"box","text":"tion Notes","page_number":33,"box":{"x":548,"y":208,"width":66,"height":9}},{"id":"cb0d7522-9f79-407e-b815-6ebaf4239f4c","block_type":"box","text":",” specifies how a viewer should behave","page_number":33,"box":{"x":616,"y":208,"width":258,"height":12}},{"id":"f21275cd-fc4d-499d-b049-b70715a5f38d","block_type":"box","text":"when it reads a file that does not conform to the specification it was expecting.","page_number":33,"box":{"x":340,"y":223,"width":510,"height":12}},{"id":"d6147ba5-fe84-4fb8-a321-fa5108e06d9a","block_type":"box","text":"2.4 PDF and the PostScript language","page_number":33,"box":{"x":294,"y":276,"width":354,"height":14}},{"id":"ca180f59-ef48-4002-b066-c25c5e5c9da0","block_type":"box","text":"The preceding sections mentioned several ways in which PDF differs from the","page_number":33,"box":{"x":340,"y":311,"width":511,"height":11}},{"id":"951ec4c3-c90a-40ef-b4f5-4fdb4c5a3963","block_type":"box","text":"PostScript language. This section summarizes these differences and describes the","page_number":33,"box":{"x":340,"y":326,"width":529,"height":11}},{"id":"4deb16ba-6540-46e0-bc35-72964d9c6abf","block_type":"box","text":"process of converting a PDF file into a PostScript language program.","page_number":33,"box":{"x":340,"y":341,"width":447,"height":11}},{"id":"721f32d8-82b4-4ba9-b85b-d62151bb38d8","block_type":"box","text":"While PDF and the PostScript language share the same basic imaging model, there","page_number":33,"box":{"x":340,"y":370,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"ea751b86-4714-4b1d-adb9-6d20cc774816","block_type":"box","text":"are some important differences between them:","page_number":33,"box":{"x":340,"y":385,"width":300,"height":11}},{"id":"1a36e5bf-1f38-4968-b891-a47f91aa15f5","block_type":"box","text":"• A PDF file may contain objects such as hypertext links that are useful only for","page_number":33,"box":{"x":341,"y":414,"width":530,"height":12}},{"id":"40b411aa-205d-4eff-9f1f-b2d260610f3b","block_type":"box","text":"interactive viewing.","page_number":33,"box":{"x":360,"y":429,"width":127,"height":12}},{"id":"2ec8da89-3f3f-4c1d-893a-e2da8ac1c0b7","block_type":"box","text":"• To simplify the processing of page descriptions, PDF provides no programming","page_number":33,"box":{"x":341,"y":458,"width":534,"height":12}},{"id":"a7def3b9-e557-4eb6-b5c7-560c234d895c","block_type":"box","text":"language constructs.","page_number":33,"box":{"x":360,"y":474,"width":132,"height":11}},{"id":"0c64d25b-b4fa-4b09-b2c8-33c49c1f447b","block_type":"box","text":"• PDF enforces a strictly defined file structure that allows an application to access","page_number":33,"box":{"x":341,"y":503,"width":533,"height":11}},{"id":"c98f9a41-3510-4fb0-8956-4b0467854652","block_type":"box","text":"parts of a document randomly.","page_number":33,"box":{"x":360,"y":518,"width":197,"height":11}},{"id":"5d3d500c-02c7-4d37-a0e0-fb4b7eaf9cac","block_type":"box","text":"• PDF files contain information such as font metrics, to ensure viewing fidelity.","page_number":33,"box":{"x":341,"y":547,"width":523,"height":11}},{"id":"e9581426-4e36-472d-9340-a464613d1f10","block_type":"box","text":"Because of these differences, a PDF file cannot be downloaded directly to a","page_number":33,"box":{"x":340,"y":576,"width":493,"height":11}},{"id":"aa136866-f632-4189-b03b-ab75e7c5a972","block_type":"box","text":"PostScript printer for printing. An application that prints a PDF file to a PostScript","page_number":33,"box":{"x":340,"y":591,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"f516c881-78f9-45b4-bb12-b1b4d335889b","block_type":"box","text":"printer must carry out the following steps:","page_number":33,"box":{"x":340,"y":606,"width":273,"height":12}},{"id":"c707d872-3435-4899-8f6b-92aaf96df5e3","block_type":"box","text":"1. 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Each page description is essentially the","page_number":33,"box":{"x":390,"y":698,"width":467,"height":12}},{"id":"09c88e16-97d4-4c22-9b37-1946d11bd7d8","block_type":"box","text":"script portion of a traditional PostScript language program using very","page_number":33,"box":{"x":390,"y":715,"width":452,"height":11}},{"id":"94ce2a3d-d42a-49de-a139-c1a7775f02aa","block_type":"box","text":"specific procedures, such as “m” for","page_number":33,"box":{"x":390,"y":731,"width":235,"height":12}},{"id":"18af38fe-5f97-47c2-8e18-526dca66e2c1","block_type":"box","text":"moveto","page_number":33,"box":{"x":630,"y":731,"width":56,"height":9}},{"id":"df0c435f-5dc2-4a61-9a86-f67be9652141","block_type":"box","text":"and “l” for","page_number":33,"box":{"x":691,"y":731,"width":69,"height":9}},{"id":"179fc65f-55fa-4274-9d81-f1e8080a9eac","block_type":"box","text":"lineto","page_number":33,"box":{"x":765,"y":731,"width":42,"height":9}},{"id":"62d3c299-dfca-435a-a5b4-a53bdadef561","block_type":"box","text":".","page_number":33,"box":{"x":809,"y":739,"width":2,"height":1}},{"id":"40c66d6c-f2a9-4105-a6d0-04113aa15d0c","block_type":"box","text":"3. Decode compressed text, graphics, and image data. This is not required for","page_number":33,"box":{"x":370,"y":762,"width":505,"height":11}},{"id":"9ba3a539-c83f-4d44-bc04-a90b682e494b","block_type":"box","text":"PostScript Level 2 printers, which can accept compressed data in a","page_number":33,"box":{"x":389,"y":778,"width":435,"height":11}},{"id":"0d65fa9f-7b62-4f24-bc22-e0a43e611f2a","block_type":"box","text":"PostScript language file.","page_number":33,"box":{"x":389,"y":794,"width":158,"height":12}},{"id":"9414efd2-8617-4918-8c72-ebe8f819d0ce","block_type":"box","text":"4. 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The result is a traditional","page_number":34,"box":{"x":370,"y":87,"width":444,"height":9}},{"id":"d090e871-f9ef-4ed1-ac89-6477f4cdc042","block_type":"box","text":"PostScript language program that fully represents the visual aspects of the","page_number":34,"box":{"x":389,"y":103,"width":483,"height":12}},{"id":"d00aa392-ffbe-4d81-85a1-96f68abb8e52","block_type":"box","text":"document, but no longer contains PDF elements such as hypertext links,","page_number":34,"box":{"x":389,"y":120,"width":470,"height":11}},{"id":"02ddd303-8c98-4d04-97c3-1fd2e73a413c","block_type":"box","text":"annotations, and bookmarks.","page_number":34,"box":{"x":389,"y":136,"width":186,"height":11}},{"id":"53b3e0d3-1f79-47b9-9d6e-ce490a98fb5c","block_type":"box","text":"6. Send the PostScript language program to the printer.","page_number":34,"box":{"x":370,"y":167,"width":360,"height":11}},{"id":"3cea26a0-bdd5-4e94-8bd1-ad6868df863c","block_type":"box","text":"2.5 Understanding PDF","page_number":34,"box":{"x":294,"y":220,"width":228,"height":14}},{"id":"9d447017-4003-4480-9d5b-8a66e50d2f8c","block_type":"box","text":"PDF is best understood by thinking of it in four parts, as shown in","page_number":34,"box":{"x":340,"y":255,"width":430,"height":11}},{"id":"2d1cefc6-e195-400a-802c-bf707978126e","block_type":"box","text":"F","page_number":34,"box":{"x":775,"y":255,"width":8,"height":9}},{"id":"b83c3190-025f-4245-8ab5-052387500f75","block_type":"box","text":"igur","page_number":34,"box":{"x":784,"y":255,"width":26,"height":11}},{"id":"44303e24-50a1-485d-971d-33673b580179","block_type":"box","text":"e 2.4","page_number":34,"box":{"x":810,"y":255,"width":31,"height":9}},{"id":"3000cb4c-4934-4529-aa94-9283bc01b661","block_type":"box","text":".","page_number":34,"box":{"x":843,"y":262,"width":1,"height":2}},{"id":"1f3b19c5-7281-4473-9f92-a9cbc0778154","block_type":"box","text":"Figure 2.4","page_number":34,"box":{"x":341,"y":284,"width":72,"height":11}},{"id":"6724f490-ffb3-496a-9f40-e836761c0fa9","block_type":"box","text":"PDF components","page_number":34,"box":{"x":422,"y":284,"width":113,"height":11}},{"id":"4ff13959-d7cd-43d1-88f7-e920b41aedef","block_type":"box","text":"The first component is the set of basic object types used by PDF to represent","page_number":34,"box":{"x":340,"y":466,"width":500,"height":11}},{"id":"f91e476b-c1b9-44b3-8c42-4b8903e496b8","block_type":"box","text":"objects. These types, with only a few exceptions, correspond to the data types used","page_number":34,"box":{"x":340,"y":481,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"4fe404d2-8939-4167-91f3-d2259f8bf80e","block_type":"box","text":"in the PostScript language.","page_number":34,"box":{"x":340,"y":496,"width":174,"height":12}},{"id":"dd2d1dcb-e742-402a-b9da-27e9ed411000","block_type":"box","text":"Cha","page_number":34,"box":{"x":519,"y":496,"width":26,"height":9}},{"id":"0f931d1e-7ef0-4c94-a57a-9101fb4318f3","block_type":"box","text":"pter 4","page_number":34,"box":{"x":545,"y":496,"width":37,"height":12}},{"id":"c01ab81a-963f-4870-9a58-38925fe9f52f","block_type":"box","text":"discusses these object types.","page_number":34,"box":{"x":587,"y":496,"width":184,"height":12}},{"id":"6acbb749-c2c1-4cdd-9eb6-0c8b7dbce633","block_type":"box","text":"The second component is the PDF file structure. The file structure determines how","page_number":34,"box":{"x":340,"y":525,"width":534,"height":12}},{"id":"c25ddd5d-d59b-4d22-aa9a-b9331d3ddcfd","block_type":"box","text":"objects are stored in a PDF file, how they are accessed, and how they are updated.","page_number":34,"box":{"x":340,"y":540,"width":532,"height":12}},{"id":"bdaee36c-58df-4422-b3d7-f73491e7bb03","block_type":"box","text":"This structure is independent of the semantics of the objects.","page_number":34,"box":{"x":340,"y":556,"width":394,"height":11}},{"id":"f1e4fa3e-ef97-4e6c-a120-319364f88162","block_type":"box","text":"Cha","page_number":34,"box":{"x":740,"y":556,"width":26,"height":8}},{"id":"87dae051-6605-4519-a8d3-ecb8b0766413","block_type":"box","text":"pter 5","page_number":34,"box":{"x":766,"y":556,"width":36,"height":11}},{"id":"213f83cd-f61f-42b4-ba87-e85183dcabc6","block_type":"box","text":"explains","page_number":34,"box":{"x":808,"y":556,"width":53,"height":11}},{"id":"630337e0-0e7f-4a86-b3b4-ee0b94276b66","block_type":"box","text":"the file structure.","page_number":34,"box":{"x":340,"y":571,"width":109,"height":8}},{"id":"86a4e640-8635-4589-9483-4a3c2b9ceee1","block_type":"box","text":"The third component is the PDF document structure. 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The first","page_number":53,"box":{"x":340,"y":192,"width":508,"height":11}},{"id":"72930b09-7488-4176-91f3-16cc0b7271ed","block_type":"box","text":"output code that is 10 bits long is the one following creation of table entry 511, and","page_number":53,"box":{"x":340,"y":207,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"ccca6250-75c5-4d15-8f7e-3103900c6ff6","block_type":"box","text":"similarly for 11 (1023) and 12 (2047) bits. 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For maximum compression, the","page_number":53,"box":{"x":390,"y":327,"width":454,"height":11}},{"id":"517c4521-c240-4b81-9439-edc73566ecee","block_type":"box","text":"encoder looks for the longest such sequence.","page_number":53,"box":{"x":389,"y":343,"width":290,"height":12}},{"id":"a5452282-e928-4aa9-92fa-a14dc745ef3f","block_type":"box","text":"2. Output the code corresponding to that sequence.","page_number":53,"box":{"x":370,"y":374,"width":333,"height":11}},{"id":"e76eb6ce-580f-4574-a6c9-f2b5c937d43e","block_type":"box","text":"3. Create a new table entry for the first unused code. Its value is the sequence","page_number":53,"box":{"x":370,"y":404,"width":504,"height":11}},{"id":"6f84d513-d626-4f88-a11e-4c79b7e75d6d","block_type":"box","text":"found in step 1 followed by the next input character.","page_number":53,"box":{"x":389,"y":420,"width":339,"height":12}},{"id":"ee8d750e-8e28-4d72-93c8-4ae118599c76","block_type":"box","text":"To adapt to changing input sequences, the encoder may at any point issue a clear\u0002","page_number":53,"box":{"x":340,"y":451,"width":530,"height":11}},{"id":"6b998a88-205e-4f1a-ab82-043f9b4d0787","block_type":"box","text":"table code, which causes both the encoder and decoder to restart with initial tables","page_number":53,"box":{"x":340,"y":466,"width":534,"height":10}},{"id":"8ffcd857-78c4-46f4-9b62-4b258f6d335f","block_type":"box","text":"and a 9-bit code. 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Each color component is differenced","page_number":55,"box":{"x":340,"y":336,"width":533,"height":11}},{"id":"590e08be-3ba5-4d6c-b4f0-4a9c94474db2","block_type":"box","text":"with the value of the same color component in the previous sample. Allowed","page_number":55,"box":{"x":340,"y":351,"width":500,"height":11}},{"id":"a0511200-b732-4bfb-bd4e-c063803edef3","block_type":"box","text":"values are 1, 2, 3, and 4. The default value is 1.","page_number":55,"box":{"x":340,"y":366,"width":306,"height":11}},{"id":"0b12241c-c931-4f3b-83c8-fcc2a0ae5200","block_type":"box","text":"BitsPerComponent","page_number":55,"box":{"x":145,"y":395,"width":146,"height":11}},{"id":"ab4388df-7e8f-4dd5-9db9-b4ae4c481ff5","block_type":"box","text":"integer Has an effect only if","page_number":55,"box":{"x":275,"y":412,"width":199,"height":11}},{"id":"726939e3-5b35-41cf-9f13-c84c62a8629a","block_type":"box","text":"Predictor","page_number":55,"box":{"x":478,"y":411,"width":70,"height":9}},{"id":"6c3f2f4e-1612-473a-874d-39fde6253493","block_type":"box","text":"> 1.","page_number":55,"box":{"x":553,"y":412,"width":24,"height":8}},{"id":"02a938e0-0208-4078-836b-a5e1914b5970","block_type":"box","text":"BitsPerComponent","page_number":55,"box":{"x":583,"y":411,"width":146,"height":12}},{"id":"deae6fee-0316-46dc-a273-405baac2b1d2","block_type":"box","text":"is the number of bits","page_number":55,"box":{"x":734,"y":412,"width":133,"height":8}},{"id":"eb212fcb-f916-43e2-8738-b8e283a7a7ee","block_type":"box","text":"used to represent each color component in a pixel. Allowed values are 1, 2, 4, and","page_number":55,"box":{"x":340,"y":427,"width":532,"height":11}},{"id":"0565c53f-fa4d-4b11-9023-cce6d56494b5","block_type":"box","text":"8. The default value is 8.","page_number":55,"box":{"x":341,"y":442,"width":159,"height":9}},{"id":"1d8de587-627a-4764-a329-7c3cf9b2535b","block_type":"box","text":"4.8.5 LZW and Flate predictor functions","page_number":55,"box":{"x":284,"y":500,"width":320,"height":11}},{"id":"ea916aa7-607f-4d31-8871-e1ecebbcfb36","block_type":"box","text":"LZW and Flate encoding filters compress more compactly if their input data are","page_number":55,"box":{"x":340,"y":532,"width":521,"height":11}},{"id":"a63a4e4f-b0af-4f73-a7fd-42bc1ba70e19","block_type":"box","text":"highly predictable. One way of increasing the predictability of many continuous\u0002","page_number":55,"box":{"x":340,"y":547,"width":527,"height":11}},{"id":"b7733b79-5659-4314-93cb-39ef3a93f458","block_type":"box","text":"tone sampled images is to replace each pixel with the difference between that pixel","page_number":55,"box":{"x":340,"y":562,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"b576a0fd-db08-46d6-bfee-2414f0361585","block_type":"box","text":"and some predictor function applied to earlier neighboring pixels. If the predictor","page_number":55,"box":{"x":340,"y":577,"width":530,"height":12}},{"id":"f508bdf4-6047-489a-9a88-a22c6faa720d","block_type":"box","text":"function works well, the postprediction data will cluster toward 0.","page_number":55,"box":{"x":340,"y":592,"width":428,"height":12}},{"id":"6ec3a412-dda4-4d92-a80d-d534ac527715","block_type":"box","text":"Two predictor function groups are supported. The first, the TIFF group, consists of","page_number":55,"box":{"x":340,"y":621,"width":536,"height":12}},{"id":"c1a9a702-c8ac-457a-98a6-d3c662e87663","block_type":"box","text":"the single function that is Predictor 2 in the TIFF standard. (In TIFF 6.0, it applies","page_number":55,"box":{"x":340,"y":637,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"b3bd0ad1-b3fe-480e-b464-a4247fa82ad8","block_type":"box","text":"only to LZW compression, but here it applies to Flate compression as well.) TIFF","page_number":55,"box":{"x":340,"y":652,"width":533,"height":11}},{"id":"3c31a7b4-1ca9-4845-a665-a7e8814af9f2","block_type":"box","text":"predictor 2 predicts that each color component of a pixel will be the same as the","page_number":55,"box":{"x":340,"y":667,"width":521,"height":11}},{"id":"8cc02026-9641-406c-88a0-c48559ca0c2d","block_type":"box","text":"corresponding color component of the pixel immediately to the left.","page_number":55,"box":{"x":340,"y":682,"width":441,"height":11}},{"id":"570831a9-8202-4c3a-97cb-91a2db54dad9","block_type":"box","text":"The second supported predictor function group, the","page_number":55,"box":{"x":340,"y":711,"width":335,"height":11}},{"id":"7e3f2ae3-c347-4873-b727-052eed0832fd","block_type":"box","text":"PNG","page_number":55,"box":{"x":679,"y":711,"width":33,"height":9}},{"id":"919ee522-a481-4a8a-a795-2f894aadcf6c","block_type":"box","text":"group, consists of the","page_number":55,"box":{"x":716,"y":711,"width":139,"height":11}},{"id":"de6db270-73a8-487e-a3ca-0552fd49d0d0","block_type":"box","text":"“filters” of the World Wide Web Consortium’s Portable Network Graphics (PNG)","page_number":55,"box":{"x":341,"y":726,"width":529,"height":12}},{"id":"dead6b11-2707-4893-ba69-6920d2c598a9","block_type":"box","text":"recommendation. The term","page_number":55,"box":{"x":340,"y":741,"width":177,"height":9}},{"id":"74acc439-0ddd-4eac-9499-31d03a7cd11e","block_type":"box","text":"predictors","page_number":55,"box":{"x":520,"y":741,"width":67,"height":12}},{"id":"7ee24d64-fddd-4a55-8b95-df396f5e70f0","block_type":"box","text":"is used here instead of","page_number":55,"box":{"x":592,"y":741,"width":145,"height":9}},{"id":"4c8dbb06-5126-4a3f-8de9-a730c11aa29d","block_type":"box","text":"filters","page_number":55,"box":{"x":738,"y":741,"width":39,"height":12}},{"id":"0c1a3644-7e6b-4089-a545-1385f47152bd","block_type":"box","text":", to avoid","page_number":55,"box":{"x":779,"y":741,"width":59,"height":11}},{"id":"49ff8c46-9074-47cb-95f2-3f6a0d528a70","block_type":"box","text":"confusion. There are five basic PNG predictor algorithms, and a sixth one that","page_number":55,"box":{"x":340,"y":757,"width":509,"height":11}},{"id":"cdbf6956-cbb7-4e1e-9ff7-9b3dad84f671","block_type":"box","text":"invites an optimum hybrid of the first five. The first five are","page_number":55,"box":{"x":340,"y":772,"width":386,"height":11}},{"id":"a161d5b4-3ff2-43cf-bf60-2021efea198b","block_type":"box","text":"None","page_number":55,"box":{"x":730,"y":772,"width":34,"height":8}},{"id":"817a9773-32f8-4432-9c29-39dc1d3123ca","block_type":"box","text":",","page_number":55,"box":{"x":766,"y":779,"width":2,"height":3}},{"id":"718c7a9d-5fd1-48e1-b6e0-39269e3b10f7","block_type":"box","text":"Sub","page_number":55,"box":{"x":773,"y":772,"width":24,"height":9}},{"id":"d8e1e81f-5766-4a74-857a-46660f98beb4","block_type":"box","text":"(predicting","page_number":55,"box":{"x":803,"y":772,"width":70,"height":11}},{"id":"8321d587-3bdb-4963-b88f-a6c4f5016094","block_type":"box","text":"the same as the pixel to the left),","page_number":55,"box":{"x":340,"y":787,"width":211,"height":11}},{"id":"72c94566-023c-4ef5-9eeb-9dcbec66eaee","block_type":"box","text":"Up","page_number":55,"box":{"x":558,"y":787,"width":17,"height":11}},{"id":"97237a0b-7212-4d06-8eac-e70e7ca925fa","block_type":"box","text":"(predicting the same as the pixel above),","page_number":55,"box":{"x":581,"y":787,"width":262,"height":11}},{"id":"2bed128c-7b9e-419e-af30-1dd4863e0728","block_type":"box","text":"Average","page_number":55,"box":{"x":339,"y":802,"width":54,"height":11}},{"id":"cfd2862d-c34a-451a-8d09-b29e59c499c9","block_type":"box","text":"(predicting the average of the pixel to the left and the pixel above), and","page_number":55,"box":{"x":398,"y":802,"width":462,"height":11}},{"id":"3a451a6b-5503-4cee-a622-6163f9b9f11b","block_type":"box","text":"Paeth","page_number":55,"box":{"x":340,"y":817,"width":38,"height":9}},{"id":"6f738e6b-806b-43ab-aa4a-c6a15efa18bb","block_type":"box","text":"(a nonlinear function of the pixel above, the pixel to the left, and the pixel to","page_number":55,"box":{"x":383,"y":817,"width":492,"height":11}},{"id":"68b110ee-3985-4809-ab19-04cc09b16d2a","block_type":"box","text":"the upper left).","page_number":55,"box":{"x":340,"y":832,"width":95,"height":12}},{"id":"adeeb10e-a0e3-4331-90f0-e323533299ed","block_type":"box","text":"PDF 1.2","page_number":55,"box":{"x":913,"y":500,"width":58,"height":9}},{"id":"68d5daa0-ab8e-4422-b599-bc028291b2da","block_type":"box","text":"4: Objects November 12, 1996","page_number":56,"box":{"x":144,"y":18,"width":438,"height":12}},{"id":"583fcab4-b9a2-4c5b-a348-19df78a49b78","block_type":"box","text":"58 Adobe Systems Inc.","page_number":56,"box":{"x":144,"y":905,"width":432,"height":11}},{"id":"4b9d09e9-3075-4913-8ae2-3b6600fdd75c","block_type":"box","text":"The two predictor function groups have some commonalities. Both assume that","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":87,"width":517,"height":11}},{"id":"17a7e036-2ded-4b72-93a2-96c6c1d252e3","block_type":"box","text":"data are presented in order, from top row to bottom row, and within a row, from left","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":102,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"7813519f-e3d6-48a9-a4da-4204663e2b3f","block_type":"box","text":"to right. Both assume that a row occupies a whole number of bytes, rounded","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":117,"width":497,"height":12}},{"id":"6b4d7916-0e0e-43fb-a565-5f10790b5a29","block_type":"box","text":"upward if necessary. Both assume that pixels and their components are packed into","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":132,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"5ecb4375-82fd-4be1-9144-268c0083ecbd","block_type":"box","text":"bytes from high- to low-order bits. Both assume that all color components of pixels","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":148,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"97c5522c-b67f-427d-821c-239831000152","block_type":"box","text":"outside the image (which are necessary for predictions near the boundaries) are 0.","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":163,"width":532,"height":11}},{"id":"81f0ca42-02cc-41fb-bed3-9bda00157b45","block_type":"box","text":"Table 4.6","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":192,"width":64,"height":9}},{"id":"51a7537f-0df6-4607-9f18-77da82e43004","block_type":"box","text":"Predictor values","page_number":56,"box":{"x":413,"y":192,"width":108,"height":9}},{"id":"41de2d6e-8b6b-466d-aa6e-81745ba9f980","block_type":"box","text":"1 No prediction (Default value)","page_number":56,"box":{"x":342,"y":217,"width":357,"height":11}},{"id":"724cdf33-c25b-478b-b7bd-e15867b32acc","block_type":"box","text":"2 TIFF predictor 2","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":240,"width":275,"height":11}},{"id":"68315607-95ee-4542-8254-ca6d16562680","block_type":"box","text":"10 PNG prediction (on encode, PNG","page_number":56,"box":{"x":342,"y":263,"width":384,"height":11}},{"id":"4e4b2ca1-0e55-4e8b-9b16-ac380b93c4fd","block_type":"box","text":"None","page_number":56,"box":{"x":730,"y":263,"width":34,"height":8}},{"id":"0d3268df-f90e-4228-a275-63a204f15804","block_type":"box","text":"on all rows)","page_number":56,"box":{"x":769,"y":263,"width":77,"height":10}},{"id":"4affd172-0f62-40f8-9ade-7ebf737f79a6","block_type":"box","text":"11 PNG prediction (on encode, PNG","page_number":56,"box":{"x":342,"y":285,"width":384,"height":12}},{"id":"88e8306c-2ab9-4a35-968a-8c132328f771","block_type":"box","text":"Sub","page_number":56,"box":{"x":731,"y":285,"width":23,"height":9}},{"id":"4f32e973-4883-4963-aa1a-6e804d756c22","block_type":"box","text":"on all rows)","page_number":56,"box":{"x":759,"y":285,"width":77,"height":11}},{"id":"31f94b94-a54a-48b4-95c8-5152b5326735","block_type":"box","text":"12 PNG prediction (on encode, PNG","page_number":56,"box":{"x":342,"y":308,"width":384,"height":11}},{"id":"aa651354-0c5d-4da8-b4da-c5492f55b338","block_type":"box","text":"Up","page_number":56,"box":{"x":732,"y":308,"width":18,"height":11}},{"id":"d9629b5b-c4bb-4e07-b90b-4c8d66fa752f","block_type":"box","text":"on all rows)","page_number":56,"box":{"x":755,"y":308,"width":76,"height":11}},{"id":"08255edc-66bf-4b93-8161-ed9f6f29f896","block_type":"box","text":"13 PNG prediction (on encode, PNG","page_number":56,"box":{"x":342,"y":331,"width":384,"height":11}},{"id":"b4cda9e3-4fce-41c9-b7bf-7fc35206caba","block_type":"box","text":"Average","page_number":56,"box":{"x":729,"y":331,"width":54,"height":11}},{"id":"09fb8bb4-0fa1-4a47-b24c-bcbb6886064b","block_type":"box","text":"on all rows)","page_number":56,"box":{"x":788,"y":331,"width":76,"height":11}},{"id":"9e5309c5-4bb2-46a6-83c8-113b9bf5ab82","block_type":"box","text":"14 PNG prediction (on encode, PNG","page_number":56,"box":{"x":342,"y":354,"width":384,"height":11}},{"id":"e9f4e889-b991-4ffe-881f-5adacf002afb","block_type":"box","text":"Paeth","page_number":56,"box":{"x":730,"y":354,"width":38,"height":8}},{"id":"46830e76-ca12-4f3a-ab0f-8e8aa324dbd8","block_type":"box","text":"on all rows)","page_number":56,"box":{"x":773,"y":354,"width":76,"height":10}},{"id":"69e58d94-708a-4904-b39f-63bf55945c45","block_type":"box","text":"15 PNG prediction (on encode, PNG optimum)","page_number":56,"box":{"x":342,"y":376,"width":452,"height":12}},{"id":"f23d0a67-a120-48a3-854d-fe9048543114","block_type":"box","text":"The two predictor function groups also differ in significant ways. First, the","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":419,"width":486,"height":12}},{"id":"2a57a066-4ce5-46e6-ac7e-c4663feeb402","block_type":"box","text":"postprediction data for each PNG-predicted row begins with an explicit algorithm","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":434,"width":533,"height":12}},{"id":"b37a0f46-1a70-47d6-9901-13013a088c71","block_type":"box","text":"tag, so different rows can be predicted with different algorithm to improve","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":450,"width":484,"height":11}},{"id":"33a437bf-02ad-4ef0-ba58-ddb1c68ac5b8","block_type":"box","text":"compression. TIFF 2 prediction has no such identifier; the same algorithm applies","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":465,"width":533,"height":11}},{"id":"bd1f220d-0868-4292-91c8-0666382e67db","block_type":"box","text":"to all rows. Second, the TIFF function group predicts each color component from","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":480,"width":531,"height":11}},{"id":"489a3a66-fe10-444d-89a3-3ad94e2f03f2","block_type":"box","text":"the prior instance of that color component, without regard to the width of the color","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":495,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"bf695516-9ffb-4852-b0a0-d5136a4ff1b9","block_type":"box","text":"component or the number of colors. In contrast, the PNG function group predicts","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":510,"width":528,"height":12}},{"id":"c9117b7f-21f7-474b-88bd-b16e2cc1f07b","block_type":"box","text":"each byte from the corresponding byte of the prior pixel (and/or the same pixel on","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":525,"width":534,"height":12}},{"id":"08d42c89-e436-473d-ae4d-ee01c72baf12","block_type":"box","text":"the prior line and/or the prior pixel on the prior line), regardless of whether there","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":540,"width":525,"height":12}},{"id":"eb494212-f599-4fd8-9bfc-d6c3a48efffa","block_type":"box","text":"are multiple color components in a byte, or whether a single color component","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":556,"width":506,"height":11}},{"id":"026fe4fb-47fc-4e7e-9bdd-1358fdff99dd","block_type":"box","text":"spans multiple bytes. This can yield significantly better speed at a cost somewhat","page_number":56,"box":{"x":341,"y":571,"width":527,"height":11}},{"id":"faacb64a-0c0e-451f-8bb0-483489b2eb41","block_type":"box","text":"worse compression.","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":586,"width":128,"height":11}},{"id":"d45f6f9c-6734-4da7-be36-f0148c3aa990","block_type":"box","text":"4.8.6 Comparison of LZW and Flate encoding","page_number":56,"box":{"x":284,"y":621,"width":363,"height":12}},{"id":"c91164bf-7369-47d5-bcec-5c92ec60c3a0","block_type":"box","text":"Flate encoding, like LZW encoding, discovers and exploits many patterns in its","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":653,"width":516,"height":11}},{"id":"04814091-83ad-46dc-a252-98d6a99b8995","block_type":"box","text":"input data, whether text or images. Thanks to its cascaded adaptive Huffman","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":668,"width":498,"height":11}},{"id":"80175c67-3096-4b36-8684-167a020eec40","block_type":"box","text":"coding, Flate-encoded output is usually substantially more compact than LZW\u0002","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":683,"width":516,"height":12}},{"id":"12320533-ab5b-4423-bd89-f800d63fbed6","block_type":"box","text":"encoded output for the same input. Flate and LZW decoding speeds are","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":698,"width":466,"height":12}},{"id":"650d52e3-d754-424f-9399-de8435238400","block_type":"box","text":"comparable, but Flate encoding speed is considerably slower than LZW encoding","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":714,"width":531,"height":11}},{"id":"54638660-1632-4310-b5e7-95adbdc842ac","block_type":"box","text":"speed. Usually, both Flate and LZW compress their inputs substantially. In the","page_number":56,"box":{"x":341,"y":729,"width":510,"height":11}},{"id":"52f26e1b-dde9-4b97-b9e2-a850ad04fbf7","block_type":"box","text":"worst case, however, Flate encoding expands its input by no more than 11 bytes,","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":744,"width":523,"height":11}},{"id":"a43b17dd-5dfe-4f4f-bf0a-5d92faeee529","block_type":"box","text":"plus the effects of algorithm tags added by PNG predictors. LZW encoding has a","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":759,"width":528,"height":11}},{"id":"4bf51026-e462-4276-b0e5-081def0d431a","block_type":"box","text":"worst-case expansion of at least a factor of 1.125, which can increase to a factor of","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":774,"width":536,"height":12}},{"id":"6b5c2b23-f059-4cc5-910f-aa8fa001ca5f","block_type":"box","text":"nearly 1.5 in some implementations (plus PNG tags effects, as with Flate","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":789,"width":476,"height":12}},{"id":"c0b45f01-4ea4-4ec9-98ae-02584fb922e9","block_type":"box","text":"encoding).","page_number":56,"box":{"x":340,"y":804,"width":68,"height":12}},{"id":"2f56f990-b114-4573-abe3-5cd07ea8de9a","block_type":"box","text":"PDF 1.2","page_number":56,"box":{"x":913,"y":621,"width":58,"height":9}},{"id":"81d717c1-c1a7-4cef-9f80-2f49675ae897","block_type":"box","text":"November 12, 1996 4.8.7","page_number":57,"box":{"x":441,"y":18,"width":437,"height":11}},{"id":"59545404-d3b3-4c0f-8fdb-1a48f57c9678","block_type":"box","text":"4: Objects 59","page_number":57,"box":{"x":742,"y":905,"width":136,"height":12}},{"id":"b1e7d555-a4df-47e3-a44a-10dc072f6551","block_type":"box","text":"4.8.7 RunLengthDecode filter","page_number":57,"box":{"x":284,"y":86,"width":241,"height":12}},{"id":"5f641a9f-795e-491e-825f-3b4c98b89d5b","block_type":"box","text":"This filter decodes data that has been encoded in a simple byte-oriented, run\u0002","page_number":57,"box":{"x":340,"y":119,"width":501,"height":11}},{"id":"e10a3f66-a5f8-44fd-9517-2af2806b223b","block_type":"box","text":"length-encoded format. Run-length encoding produces binary data, even if the","page_number":57,"box":{"x":340,"y":134,"width":510,"height":11}},{"id":"34982e4e-b90e-417c-a2ab-357711315a45","block_type":"box","text":"original data was ASCII text.","page_number":57,"box":{"x":340,"y":149,"width":188,"height":11}},{"id":"a5400d7b-3edd-4817-8b96-b0753c781741","block_type":"box","text":"The compression achieved by run-length encoding depends on the input data. In","page_number":57,"box":{"x":340,"y":178,"width":522,"height":11}},{"id":"71442922-bb2f-4886-b86f-0aca885c5418","block_type":"box","text":"the best case, a file of all zeros, a compression of approximately 64:1 is achieved","page_number":57,"box":{"x":340,"y":193,"width":527,"height":11}},{"id":"e4ed90c3-26b9-4e82-a7e7-30b03081c3c2","block_type":"box","text":"for long files. The worst case, the hexadecimal sequence of alternating <00 FF 00","page_number":57,"box":{"x":340,"y":208,"width":531,"height":12}},{"id":"5632641d-a2cd-429b-9469-fbb6e0c619e5","block_type":"box","text":"FF …>, results in an expansion of 127:128.","page_number":57,"box":{"x":340,"y":223,"width":283,"height":12}},{"id":"4b81f1cb-8117-4c8c-9fe8-c24c5856da1f","block_type":"box","text":"The encoded data is a sequence of runs, where each run consists of a","page_number":57,"box":{"x":340,"y":252,"width":448,"height":12}},{"id":"329b5840-549d-411e-810e-698e0e9b2993","block_type":"box","text":"length","page_number":57,"box":{"x":792,"y":252,"width":40,"height":12}},{"id":"e9725acc-b1b0-4138-ba6f-01c24e7e26bc","block_type":"box","text":"byte","page_number":57,"box":{"x":837,"y":252,"width":27,"height":12}},{"id":"2439a2e4-7bbb-42ad-8f6d-d27a0bb69d1e","block_type":"box","text":"followed by 1 to 128 bytes of data. If","page_number":57,"box":{"x":340,"y":268,"width":242,"height":11}},{"id":"0da7f7c5-14b6-4784-a874-962ce7046f4c","block_type":"box","text":"length","page_number":57,"box":{"x":586,"y":268,"width":40,"height":11}},{"id":"a8e7ef0d-0124-417b-aa1c-91dcb2d33a9e","block_type":"box","text":"is in the range 0 to 127, the following","page_number":57,"box":{"x":631,"y":268,"width":243,"height":11}},{"id":"086d5b35-fe08-46a3-9cdd-3b82ed3da231","block_type":"box","text":"length","page_number":57,"box":{"x":341,"y":283,"width":39,"height":11}},{"id":"43123d04-0de8-4a7d-85a1-81de0e0f5666","block_type":"box","text":"+ 1 (1 to 128 bytes) are copied literally during decompression. If","page_number":57,"box":{"x":385,"y":283,"width":423,"height":11}},{"id":"329db966-6e28-4f55-af07-fa36cf6f2b11","block_type":"box","text":"length","page_number":57,"box":{"x":812,"y":283,"width":40,"height":11}},{"id":"c16992e2-63cc-426d-8cef-36048ba04e07","block_type":"box","text":"is","page_number":57,"box":{"x":857,"y":283,"width":10,"height":9}},{"id":"a829bff0-f992-4b1b-83b8-8fd56855c370","block_type":"box","text":"in the range 129 to 255, the following single byte is to be copied 257","page_number":57,"box":{"x":340,"y":298,"width":448,"height":11}},{"id":"c83e500e-5016-4956-b340-52202c02e1f1","block_type":"box","text":"−","page_number":57,"box":{"x":793,"y":303,"width":9,"height":1}},{"id":"26b9083b-5538-46d4-bf81-c6f47f1340c9","block_type":"box","text":"length","page_number":57,"box":{"x":807,"y":298,"width":39,"height":11}},{"id":"94c9c123-6a1b-4670-a818-16a343c3289a","block_type":"box","text":"times (2 to 128 times) during decompression. 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This filter is useful only for bitmap","page_number":57,"box":{"x":340,"y":410,"width":504,"height":12}},{"id":"050a61a0-da6c-47ae-b8f2-c9dcbfe1a315","block_type":"box","text":"image data, not for color images, grayscale images, or text. 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This means","page_number":57,"box":{"x":340,"y":725,"width":514,"height":11}},{"id":"469f8cfd-1330-43e0-a853-42c461d6e823","block_type":"box","text":"that, in principle, encoded or decoded data may not end on a byte boundary. The","page_number":57,"box":{"x":340,"y":740,"width":524,"height":11}},{"id":"98ccff38-97ce-49ec-8a15-c13574c2887f","block_type":"box","text":"filter addresses this in the following ways:","page_number":57,"box":{"x":340,"y":755,"width":274,"height":12}},{"id":"12eb73bd-ab4a-429d-99d3-f5e7d8ab8691","block_type":"box","text":"• Encoded data are ordinarily treated as a continuous, unbroken bit stream.","page_number":57,"box":{"x":341,"y":784,"width":494,"height":12}},{"id":"24f92f13-a96c-4e61-86a2-b8de7166a68a","block_type":"box","text":"However, the","page_number":57,"box":{"x":360,"y":799,"width":85,"height":11}},{"id":"121762d2-d850-4b6e-828b-00cfd9736ae5","block_type":"box","text":"EncodedByteAlign","page_number":57,"box":{"x":451,"y":799,"width":143,"height":12}},{"id":"01b54fb0-ccec-41ee-8554-48c057cd07b3","block_type":"box","text":"parameter (described in","page_number":57,"box":{"x":599,"y":799,"width":154,"height":12}},{"id":"9a6fdd6b-9b50-4db6-8d5f-841ed7d1a5ad","block_type":"box","text":"Ta","page_number":57,"box":{"x":757,"y":800,"width":10,"height":8}},{"id":"328366af-f2fb-48a4-a64a-b5b4fc59e78a","block_type":"box","text":"Ta","page_number":57,"box":{"x":766,"y":802,"width":7,"height":6}},{"id":"8592e52c-c28b-4fa4-96fa-fe03d4c649d4","block_type":"box","text":"b","page_number":57,"box":{"x":773,"y":799,"width":8,"height":9}},{"id":"c8d2a6a0-de95-4795-be84-b17f8b899956","block_type":"box","text":"le 4.7","page_number":57,"box":{"x":782,"y":799,"width":35,"height":9}},{"id":"aeaa1d16-f45c-4948-9b3f-b2b526e33c68","block_type":"box","text":") can be","page_number":57,"box":{"x":818,"y":799,"width":51,"height":11}},{"id":"62cbd35f-18f2-4fda-bd2a-96f4bdf4ac65","block_type":"box","text":"used to cause each encoded scan line to be filled to a byte boundary. Although","page_number":57,"box":{"x":360,"y":815,"width":508,"height":11}},{"id":"d1a68818-1f05-4f0e-bf8f-1a7be65dfc34","block_type":"box","text":"this is not prescribed by the CCITT standard and fax machines don’t do this,","page_number":57,"box":{"x":360,"y":830,"width":498,"height":11}},{"id":"e75b8ac2-64a1-478f-9fd8-e5ea718c1f61","block_type":"box","text":"some software packages find it convenient to encode data this way.","page_number":57,"box":{"x":360,"y":845,"width":435,"height":11}},{"id":"2954b879-cc30-4f43-8a2e-87529327fdcf","block_type":"box","text":"4: Objects November 12, 1996","page_number":58,"box":{"x":144,"y":18,"width":438,"height":12}},{"id":"58e7828f-aa88-43ab-a497-83c73faad345","block_type":"box","text":"60 Adobe Systems Inc.","page_number":58,"box":{"x":145,"y":905,"width":431,"height":11}},{"id":"37d1095c-8fe0-438b-9119-06dd2007de30","block_type":"box","text":"• When a filter reaches EOD, it always skips to the next byte boundary following","page_number":58,"box":{"x":341,"y":87,"width":533,"height":11}},{"id":"ebffdbd9-7bdb-4190-a95b-9fecbd4aea40","block_type":"box","text":"the encoded data.","page_number":58,"box":{"x":360,"y":102,"width":112,"height":9}},{"id":"a6584a64-8a4a-4c61-a0f4-c16c82cd7806","block_type":"box","text":"Both Group 3 and Group 4 encoding, as well as optional features of the CCITT","page_number":58,"box":{"x":340,"y":131,"width":517,"height":12}},{"id":"26a227f4-bf88-4978-a9a9-b404cad17d05","block_type":"box","text":"standard, are supported. The optional parameters that can be used to control the","page_number":58,"box":{"x":341,"y":146,"width":517,"height":12}},{"id":"cacb10f3-97cd-455e-bcde-9fc1bc2361da","block_type":"box","text":"decoding are listed in","page_number":58,"box":{"x":340,"y":162,"width":139,"height":11}},{"id":"eca4638d-fffb-420f-b11c-2db198e4083f","block_type":"box","text":"Ta","page_number":58,"box":{"x":484,"y":162,"width":9,"height":8}},{"id":"20e34974-e197-4d52-ae03-1c4bbc1fe8f6","block_type":"box","text":"Ta","page_number":58,"box":{"x":493,"y":164,"width":6,"height":6}},{"id":"2f655b94-44c1-471e-b3b8-097dc41f978f","block_type":"box","text":"b","page_number":58,"box":{"x":500,"y":162,"width":7,"height":8}},{"id":"68addc68-bb4f-410d-bf40-3242fc02727c","block_type":"box","text":"le 4.7","page_number":58,"box":{"x":508,"y":162,"width":35,"height":8}},{"id":"333a84aa-6d02-4c22-9d5b-468277f3cf8f","block_type":"box","text":". Except as noted, all values supplied to the decode","page_number":58,"box":{"x":545,"y":162,"width":329,"height":11}},{"id":"232a8dc7-4595-4e48-88dc-1a5c2ae74cf6","block_type":"box","text":"filter by the optional parameters must match those used when the data was","page_number":58,"box":{"x":340,"y":177,"width":484,"height":11}},{"id":"9ebd8a39-0d1d-4c8c-b038-5057c9269851","block_type":"box","text":"encoded.","page_number":58,"box":{"x":340,"y":192,"width":57,"height":9}},{"id":"99be1006-d30c-4036-85eb-8ac01bc369ab","block_type":"box","text":"Table 4.7","page_number":58,"box":{"x":340,"y":221,"width":64,"height":9}},{"id":"eab0e2e8-f0c3-4467-be6e-ca7bc01c5c21","block_type":"box","text":"Optional parameters for CCITTFaxDecode filter","page_number":58,"box":{"x":414,"y":221,"width":319,"height":11}},{"id":"fac9d436-a991-4645-9b99-e05aa3883fe1","block_type":"box","text":"Key Type Semantics","page_number":58,"box":{"x":145,"y":249,"width":272,"height":12}},{"id":"87988984-070e-4644-87c1-6a9bb1134b69","block_type":"box","text":"K","page_number":58,"box":{"x":145,"y":275,"width":11,"height":9}},{"id":"85589cfe-40cc-4492-8e1e-41f70113eda5","block_type":"box","text":"integer Selects the encoding scheme used. 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This operation produces 64 coefficients, which are then quantized.","page_number":59,"box":{"x":340,"y":657,"width":530,"height":11}},{"id":"d9337fe9-9d1c-442d-9f11-770620347f58","block_type":"box","text":"Each coefficient may be quantized with a different step size. It is the quantization","page_number":59,"box":{"x":340,"y":672,"width":530,"height":11}},{"id":"9c590495-fd15-48b8-8c7e-6058693e4ce7","block_type":"box","text":"that results in the loss of information in the JPEG algorithm. 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An","page_number":60,"box":{"x":340,"y":268,"width":298,"height":11}},{"id":"47586dbb-575d-42d9-be39-cc0dff4efad7","block_type":"box","text":"indirect object","page_number":60,"box":{"x":643,"y":268,"width":94,"height":11}},{"id":"76574bca-d0c9-4e72-a808-61c7ba14dc95","block_type":"box","text":"is an object that has","page_number":60,"box":{"x":741,"y":268,"width":128,"height":11}},{"id":"f872b6cf-a455-49e2-a56f-a50163c6fdc2","block_type":"box","text":"been labeled so that it can be referenced by other objects. Any type of object may","page_number":60,"box":{"x":340,"y":283,"width":531,"height":11}},{"id":"0263dcf4-c9e0-4c85-b92d-8d175928db3a","block_type":"box","text":"be labeled as an indirect object. 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The objects, which are of the basic types described in Chapter","page_number":64,"box":{"x":340,"y":716,"width":477,"height":11}},{"id":"69675684-5e12-48c0-b3ba-8e3b654a7815","block_type":"box","text":"4","page_number":64,"box":{"x":821,"y":716,"width":8,"height":9}},{"id":"d5739dd2-8d14-4b81-aacb-439efcc05240","block_type":"box","text":",","page_number":64,"box":{"x":830,"y":723,"width":2,"height":3}},{"id":"3fd23287-430b-4f25-bbaf-765f5a8fc2f9","block_type":"box","text":"represent components of the document such as fonts, pages, and sampled images.","page_number":64,"box":{"x":340,"y":731,"width":530,"height":12}},{"id":"df054557-d6da-4306-96ed-c018320b0176","block_type":"box","text":"Comments can appear anywhere in the body section of a PDF file. 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The Encryption dictionary is the value of","page_number":70,"box":{"x":341,"y":695,"width":520,"height":11}},{"id":"620eb8f6-5bc0-4dbd-a757-9810b68233e0","block_type":"box","text":"the","page_number":70,"box":{"x":340,"y":710,"width":19,"height":9}},{"id":"5d3f791e-e617-44b6-a709-30eed8dff306","block_type":"box","text":"Encrypt","page_number":70,"box":{"x":365,"y":710,"width":59,"height":11}},{"id":"8a95c72a-c029-4ed4-b7f2-fd3c7f4549bb","block_type":"box","text":"key in the trailer dictionary.","page_number":70,"box":{"x":429,"y":710,"width":179,"height":12}},{"id":"7afa187d-0d7f-488d-80f7-0a8c9c7372df","block_type":"box","text":"Section 6.14,","page_number":70,"box":{"x":614,"y":710,"width":84,"height":11}},{"id":"c187bc01-823b-42a7-bfa6-8cbb07e2e005","block_type":"box","text":"“Encr","page_number":70,"box":{"x":704,"y":710,"width":37,"height":9}},{"id":"f6c601ce-99c4-47c7-a1b8-d66138d15769","block_type":"box","text":"yption dictionar","page_number":70,"box":{"x":741,"y":710,"width":104,"height":12}},{"id":"d9ae906c-af2a-4f04-a387-6355956cf5f4","block_type":"box","text":"y","page_number":70,"box":{"x":845,"y":713,"width":8,"height":9}},{"id":"25e4c906-74c1-47ff-99a7-28567fbb82ad","block_type":"box","text":",”","page_number":70,"box":{"x":854,"y":710,"width":9,"height":11}},{"id":"7d380ab9-93e7-4c0d-a467-ba3ea5c430a6","block_type":"box","text":"describes the Encryption dictionary and security handlers.","page_number":70,"box":{"x":340,"y":725,"width":377,"height":12}},{"id":"fd373d36-c59a-4ec2-8a34-e404d29cc44c","block_type":"box","text":"Strings and streams in a protected document are encrypted. Other data types (such","page_number":70,"box":{"x":341,"y":754,"width":534,"height":12}},{"id":"87b1c353-68cc-444e-ad68-9641239fb8bf","block_type":"box","text":"as integers and Booleans) that are used primarily for structural information in a","page_number":70,"box":{"x":340,"y":770,"width":517,"height":11}},{"id":"e057c383-be4f-498c-8ca8-32329197a72d","block_type":"box","text":"PDF file are not encrypted. This combination protects a document’s contents,","page_number":70,"box":{"x":340,"y":785,"width":503,"height":11}},{"id":"bd2855fb-6c21-46b0-acb0-1d1354075277","block_type":"box","text":"while allowing random access to the objects within a PDF file.","page_number":70,"box":{"x":340,"y":800,"width":407,"height":11}},{"id":"2757f27a-bcad-4ee6-adc9-a3c0fb3cb26d","block_type":"box","text":"Header","page_number":70,"box":{"x":403,"y":136,"width":43,"height":7}},{"id":"dfc46f29-1e4c-4941-96b8-7dddd904a8e9","block_type":"box","text":"Original","page_number":70,"box":{"x":400,"y":179,"width":45,"height":10}},{"id":"acc9298e-c35f-4402-b9dd-e204856e8e12","block_type":"box","text":"body","page_number":70,"box":{"x":409,"y":191,"width":28,"height":10}},{"id":"c3cd78b2-f560-404b-9423-0447b06aa524","block_type":"box","text":"Original","page_number":70,"box":{"x":402,"y":231,"width":45,"height":9}},{"id":"d2cfda61-b084-4a86-adc8-07dbfebd6da4","block_type":"box","text":"cross-reference","page_number":70,"box":{"x":379,"y":243,"width":92,"height":7}},{"id":"9c6e6747-f892-40cd-8908-8f4d12aef893","block_type":"box","text":"section","page_number":70,"box":{"x":404,"y":255,"width":41,"height":8}},{"id":"4e85cc9a-1419-4bfe-b67b-7eb0612bbd2b","block_type":"box","text":"Updated trailer","page_number":70,"box":{"x":375,"y":560,"width":87,"height":9}},{"id":"457d0f68-6231-4264-bb8b-bec46cdcf727","block_type":"box","text":"n","page_number":70,"box":{"x":467,"y":562,"width":7,"height":5}},{"id":"5b91738d-9352-4cfd-a683-2507da410004","block_type":"box","text":"Body update 1","page_number":70,"box":{"x":381,"y":332,"width":83,"height":9}},{"id":"cd9072ff-44d0-49ac-819c-ec89eb265a68","block_type":"box","text":"Cross-reference","page_number":70,"box":{"x":375,"y":365,"width":96,"height":8}},{"id":"71806c2a-0d33-4315-9cb0-bec2aef49fec","block_type":"box","text":"section 1","page_number":70,"box":{"x":396,"y":377,"width":51,"height":8}},{"id":"f60341bc-abeb-4bbc-acdb-2c2d4aede8af","block_type":"box","text":"Body update","page_number":70,"box":{"x":382,"y":466,"width":74,"height":9}},{"id":"006ae786-7479-494a-a052-95c476866801","block_type":"box","text":"n","page_number":70,"box":{"x":462,"y":467,"width":7,"height":6}},{"id":"20424d8d-cb1a-4832-90e2-91c92252751f","block_type":"box","text":"Cross-reference","page_number":70,"box":{"x":377,"y":501,"width":95,"height":8}},{"id":"ea8c56dd-faff-48f9-9862-5c7561ffd9df","block_type":"box","text":"section","page_number":70,"box":{"x":398,"y":514,"width":41,"height":7}},{"id":"c8a9c8ff-0489-4bf6-ae92-7585acaa0f40","block_type":"box","text":"n","page_number":70,"box":{"x":444,"y":515,"width":8,"height":6}},{"id":"8a8284f6-1071-411e-9bd3-7295c0dee98e","block_type":"box","text":"Original trailer","page_number":70,"box":{"x":382,"y":289,"width":83,"height":10}},{"id":"88f14fbd-e21e-4578-8c90-303d5913463f","block_type":"box","text":"Updated trailer 1","page_number":70,"box":{"x":374,"y":409,"width":96,"height":10}},{"id":"c54c26a9-6f11-4faf-891f-bc972cf28a27","block_type":"box","text":"PDF 1.1","page_number":70,"box":{"x":913,"y":632,"width":56,"height":9}},{"id":"c5ee1b68-1757-4080-b17b-2c567bf84400","block_type":"box","text":"November 12, 1996","page_number":71,"box":{"x":441,"y":18,"width":141,"height":11}},{"id":"41398a32-72c8-4f85-9626-2b2e89089a9d","block_type":"box","text":"5: File Structure 73","page_number":71,"box":{"x":701,"y":905,"width":177,"height":9}},{"id":"93f5cb4a-3606-4eac-8689-b3f2e8d6450a","block_type":"box","text":"All strings and streams in a protected document, except those in the Encryption","page_number":71,"box":{"x":340,"y":87,"width":518,"height":11}},{"id":"e18641a9-2663-47a5-8ca1-2ed7ee361aa2","block_type":"box","text":"dictionary, are encrypted using the RC4 encryption algorithm. This prevents","page_number":71,"box":{"x":340,"y":102,"width":496,"height":12}},{"id":"30d9c7e6-7185-4c41-8ea3-261fa0a44c65","block_type":"box","text":"unauthorized users from simply removing the password from a PDF file to gain","page_number":71,"box":{"x":340,"y":117,"width":518,"height":12}},{"id":"5436e37f-aef5-4c51-8d2c-d2a523576c68","block_type":"box","text":"access to it. Strings in the Encryption dictionary are encrypted and decrypted by","page_number":71,"box":{"x":340,"y":132,"width":522,"height":12}},{"id":"8f63466f-c420-4bad-983b-d9411d4cc275","block_type":"box","text":"the security handler itself, using whatever encryption algorithm it chooses.","page_number":71,"box":{"x":340,"y":148,"width":486,"height":11}},{"id":"014ce430-7abd-4e62-8cff-c7e90477d61c","block_type":"box","text":"RC4 is a proprietary algorithm of RSA Data Security, Inc. Adobe Systems has","page_number":71,"box":{"x":340,"y":177,"width":510,"height":11}},{"id":"9b5503da-2870-4ee8-8216-48576a1ebbac","block_type":"box","text":"licensed this algorithm for use in its products. Independent software vendors may","page_number":71,"box":{"x":340,"y":192,"width":531,"height":11}},{"id":"225f4b0b-0066-4183-8352-1c629281f18b","block_type":"box","text":"be required to license this algorithm to develop software that encrypts or decrypts","page_number":71,"box":{"x":340,"y":207,"width":532,"height":11}},{"id":"072a66a9-db28-486b-83c4-46cac10b788b","block_type":"box","text":"PDF documents. Further information can be obtained from RSA Data Security,","page_number":71,"box":{"x":340,"y":222,"width":516,"height":12}},{"id":"2cdbd2b8-fbe8-4446-8b24-8ce89f85447a","block_type":"box","text":"Inc., 100 Marine Parkway, Redwood City, California, 95065.","page_number":71,"box":{"x":340,"y":237,"width":396,"height":12}},{"id":"17e344c4-ac21-46b3-9721-f18f0d082e58","block_type":"box","text":"Encryption details","page_number":71,"box":{"x":341,"y":272,"width":140,"height":12}},{"id":"041a9a30-7e8d-4a4d-be3f-b1a38065dd0f","block_type":"box","text":"Protection of data in a PDF file consists of two steps: computation of a key to be","page_number":71,"box":{"x":340,"y":300,"width":524,"height":12}},{"id":"27559d4b-aba1-4e24-8bbb-56c70407db6e","block_type":"box","text":"used to encrypt data, and encryption of the data. The key is simply a string of five","page_number":71,"box":{"x":340,"y":316,"width":532,"height":11}},{"id":"200e7e7a-dac6-4629-be00-684731ebebdc","block_type":"box","text":"bytes. (The key is restricted in length to five bytes (40 bits) to satisfy current U.S.","page_number":71,"box":{"x":340,"y":331,"width":530,"height":11}},{"id":"adfb717c-5c06-4a24-a5b1-b59e1cf5b320","block_type":"box","text":"cryptographic export requirements.) The key can be computed in any number of","page_number":71,"box":{"x":340,"y":346,"width":523,"height":11}},{"id":"b194c328-d4ed-40ea-83a4-699904d32147","block_type":"box","text":"ways, more or less cryptographically secure, while encryption of data based on the","page_number":71,"box":{"x":340,"y":361,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"3a4f05cf-746c-4f21-a529-598e33f9752b","block_type":"box","text":"key is always performed in the same way. The Encryption dictionary identifies the","page_number":71,"box":{"x":340,"y":376,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"782822fc-996f-403e-8aa0-af4c0374bee6","block_type":"box","text":"security handler that computes the key. PDF includes one built-in method for","page_number":71,"box":{"x":341,"y":391,"width":501,"height":12}},{"id":"e4564d95-19e9-440d-a3ba-8ca1b2d19027","block_type":"box","text":"computing the key, called “Standard.” The remainder of this section explains how","page_number":71,"box":{"x":340,"y":407,"width":531,"height":11}},{"id":"3fac40b1-1e18-4d0a-8783-4bffbcdaf0e3","block_type":"box","text":"data is encrypted given a key. Section 6.12, “Encrypt dictionary,” discusses","page_number":71,"box":{"x":340,"y":422,"width":488,"height":11}},{"id":"9fdfd470-913d-4e85-9977-2b592c0d1294","block_type":"box","text":"security handlers, including the Standard security handler.","page_number":71,"box":{"x":341,"y":437,"width":377,"height":11}},{"id":"b51b93d6-16b7-40b3-8468-1ad0a4d4479a","block_type":"box","text":"Once the key for a document is computed, strings and streams are encrypted using","page_number":71,"box":{"x":340,"y":466,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"fac5cebb-f23e-44e3-9f00-0bb7e63cc76f","block_type":"box","text":"Algorithm 5.3:","page_number":71,"box":{"x":340,"y":481,"width":96,"height":11}},{"id":"02b2bbf1-80f5-437c-a3d6-f2c3a1938597","block_type":"box","text":"Algorithm 5.3","page_number":71,"box":{"x":360,"y":511,"width":98,"height":11}},{"id":"7835dbbf-ca34-40ce-bf06-9c4f1013ae93","block_type":"box","text":"Encrypting string and stream data","page_number":71,"box":{"x":463,"y":510,"width":236,"height":12}},{"id":"feebf16c-f4b7-4dec-807d-78a3176ecc55","block_type":"box","text":"1. Extend the key by five bytes using the string or stream’s object identifier.","page_number":71,"box":{"x":371,"y":534,"width":493,"height":11}},{"id":"820f52d5-f118-4d76-b0d2-0f6cbc8cfd31","block_type":"box","text":"(See","page_number":71,"box":{"x":390,"y":550,"width":28,"height":11}},{"id":"778074dc-8ba0-4f93-9984-559754f86a3a","block_type":"box","text":"Section 4.10,","page_number":71,"box":{"x":423,"y":550,"width":84,"height":10}},{"id":"ba559019-6676-4c76-a071-f3feffde597a","block_type":"box","text":"“Indir","page_number":71,"box":{"x":512,"y":550,"width":39,"height":9}},{"id":"b877c0ef-6f67-4a44-9108-534890481fc2","block_type":"box","text":"ect objects","page_number":71,"box":{"x":551,"y":550,"width":68,"height":11}},{"id":"5d7dd35f-2e45-41da-b8b1-f2ab15a53bbb","block_type":"box","text":".”) If the string or stream is a direct","page_number":71,"box":{"x":621,"y":550,"width":228,"height":11}},{"id":"5d0f0cc3-c698-4ab5-a368-77b94e0594a2","block_type":"box","text":"object, the identifier of the indirect object containing it is used. An object","page_number":71,"box":{"x":389,"y":566,"width":477,"height":12}},{"id":"0816affa-c615-4bb8-a9ac-d987daf93460","block_type":"box","text":"identifier consists of an object number and a generation number. These are","page_number":71,"box":{"x":389,"y":583,"width":485,"height":11}},{"id":"563f5c79-7ee1-4d6a-99ed-c2e6a88d6c00","block_type":"box","text":"treated as binary integers. The low-order three bytes of the object number","page_number":71,"box":{"x":389,"y":599,"width":480,"height":12}},{"id":"da98d3bc-bf89-43f4-8833-5b8b4aa6221f","block_type":"box","text":"and the low-order two bytes of the generation number are concatenated to","page_number":71,"box":{"x":389,"y":616,"width":481,"height":11}},{"id":"6f1df015-b95c-4d45-8805-a9cfb91f4edb","block_type":"box","text":"the key in that order, low-order byte first.","page_number":71,"box":{"x":389,"y":632,"width":267,"height":11}},{"id":"4421b16b-7d34-46ee-a665-7761bf89173a","block_type":"box","text":"2. The resulting ten-byte string is used as input for the MD5 hash function.","page_number":71,"box":{"x":370,"y":662,"width":490,"height":12}},{"id":"d6b1faa4-8609-4ac4-b145-2c7a7c41adb8","block_type":"box","text":"3. The first ten bytes of the output of the MD5 function are used as input to","page_number":71,"box":{"x":370,"y":693,"width":492,"height":11}},{"id":"e7db442d-e5b8-4697-bced-ca318d86d4a7","block_type":"box","text":"the RC4 function, along with the string or stream data to be encrypted. 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117","page_number":115,"box":{"x":653,"y":905,"width":225,"height":9}},{"id":"16f0875f-ab2e-4d09-be0b-864de353f3ab","block_type":"box","text":"25 0 obj <<","page_number":115,"box":{"x":381,"y":87,"width":99,"height":11}},{"id":"dfaa96b2-d615-4240-9561-e956f16a45e5","block_type":"box","text":"/T 22 0 R","page_number":115,"box":{"x":381,"y":104,"width":82,"height":9}},{"id":"b2513b32-e857-476a-9bb8-201ec05a8a0b","block_type":"box","text":"/V 25 0 R","page_number":115,"box":{"x":381,"y":121,"width":82,"height":8}},{"id":"3784679c-0fb9-482d-bdee-1ef8cac4c9fc","block_type":"box","text":"/N 23 0 R","page_number":115,"box":{"x":381,"y":137,"width":82,"height":9}},{"id":"bb45f08d-2228-4314-9b56-170befeb6f0b","block_type":"box","text":"/P 10 0 R","page_number":115,"box":{"x":381,"y":153,"width":82,"height":9}},{"id":"867c6bb9-f733-450c-b609-018b68bfe108","block_type":"box","text":"/R [157 254 319 903] 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6.4,","page_number":115,"box":{"x":424,"y":234,"width":76,"height":10}},{"id":"ecc7e4ca-6b63-461c-9762-9982af730bae","block_type":"box","text":"“P","page_number":115,"box":{"x":506,"y":234,"width":15,"height":8}},{"id":"b84ed8b6-0daf-462e-9dfa-1b829dfc5800","block_type":"box","text":"a","page_number":115,"box":{"x":522,"y":236,"width":6,"height":6}},{"id":"ff69a69b-d429-44e0-89f9-746fb11e9bea","block_type":"box","text":"g","page_number":115,"box":{"x":529,"y":236,"width":7,"height":9}},{"id":"82c33f6f-e26b-43ef-96d9-d7cf62e863ad","block_type":"box","text":"e objects","page_number":115,"box":{"x":537,"y":234,"width":56,"height":11}},{"id":"e7eee92a-8ae0-4d5e-b9dc-6225dfdb231b","block_type":"box","text":".” The value of this key is an array of","page_number":115,"box":{"x":595,"y":234,"width":241,"height":11}},{"id":"b38560d1-c342-4a9a-b16d-a605b8801700","block_type":"box","text":"indirect references to each bead on the page, in drawing order.","page_number":115,"box":{"x":340,"y":249,"width":405,"height":11}},{"id":"5b0b08b8-54c5-4146-80d4-4431b6806a1f","block_type":"box","text":"6.13 File ID","page_number":115,"box":{"x":283,"y":301,"width":115,"height":11}},{"id":"22500613-a8fc-480b-b26c-d38dc6eb8986","block_type":"box","text":"A PDF file may contain a reference to another PDF file. Storing a file name, even","page_number":115,"box":{"x":340,"y":336,"width":530,"height":11}},{"id":"fc5dacb2-9f15-42cc-a82d-8234409655e5","block_type":"box","text":"in a platform-independent format, does not guarantee that the file can be found,","page_number":115,"box":{"x":340,"y":351,"width":517,"height":11}},{"id":"d191c4db-5bfd-45af-995e-922226cba4d8","block_type":"box","text":"even if it exists and its name has not been changed. Different server software","page_number":115,"box":{"x":340,"y":366,"width":500,"height":12}},{"id":"9694b0ad-1bd3-46a2-be8a-62655f087e6e","block_type":"box","text":"applications often present different names for the same file. For example, servers","page_number":115,"box":{"x":340,"y":381,"width":526,"height":12}},{"id":"e16f1495-abf6-48ef-ae4a-f78faf95a2fb","block_type":"box","text":"running on DOS platforms must convert all file names to eight letters and a three\u0002","page_number":115,"box":{"x":340,"y":396,"width":531,"height":12}},{"id":"cdca586c-d6ec-4f82-8568-0bcd9bf80b31","block_type":"box","text":"letter extension. Different servers use different strategies for converting long","page_number":115,"box":{"x":340,"y":412,"width":497,"height":11}},{"id":"e01fdd80-0578-4689-b6a8-1546831ab9c4","block_type":"box","text":"names to this format.","page_number":115,"box":{"x":340,"y":427,"width":137,"height":9}},{"id":"4c4fa5b3-5501-4e30-9625-95d06a67001e","block_type":"box","text":"References to PDF files can be made more reliable by making the PDF file","page_number":115,"box":{"x":340,"y":456,"width":487,"height":11}},{"id":"a125ea2a-c4bc-4715-afd3-e56bd1746e42","block_type":"box","text":"reference consist of two parts: (1) a normal operating system-based file reference","page_number":115,"box":{"x":340,"y":471,"width":528,"height":11}},{"id":"00d88a7e-0e1a-4f3e-85c1-7792e6404373","block_type":"box","text":"and (2) a file ID. The file ID characterizes the file and is stored with the file.","page_number":115,"box":{"x":340,"y":486,"width":494,"height":11}},{"id":"169eb4fa-3a23-4ee7-8f8c-b31187fbe73c","block_type":"box","text":"Placing a file ID with the file reference and in the file itself increases the chances","page_number":115,"box":{"x":340,"y":501,"width":527,"height":12}},{"id":"a2d8f0da-8194-4da8-bed0-4dcb20cc2ea0","block_type":"box","text":"that a file reference can be resolved correctly. Matching the ID in the reference","page_number":115,"box":{"x":340,"y":516,"width":513,"height":12}},{"id":"fd696162-2541-4613-aac9-3ae1d01592c2","block_type":"box","text":"with the ID in the file indicates whether the desired file was found.","page_number":115,"box":{"x":340,"y":532,"width":433,"height":8}},{"id":"4534f0bb-fb9c-4944-b061-8d979a6abbf7","block_type":"box","text":"A PDF file may have an","page_number":115,"box":{"x":340,"y":561,"width":154,"height":11}},{"id":"60aea766-1933-4cfe-bc07-febb63b3d17d","block_type":"box","text":"ID","page_number":115,"box":{"x":499,"y":560,"width":14,"height":9}},{"id":"89945b15-5586-414b-928d-35cfb002095b","block_type":"box","text":"key in its trailer. The value of this key is an array of two","page_number":115,"box":{"x":518,"y":561,"width":357,"height":11}},{"id":"bda7e363-0868-46d4-b2e2-73f6cb202c11","block_type":"box","text":"strings. The first element is a permanent ID, based on the contents of the file at the","page_number":115,"box":{"x":341,"y":576,"width":533,"height":11}},{"id":"a058168e-ab33-446e-8ac1-b861a0035fbc","block_type":"box","text":"time the file was created. This ID does not change when the file is incrementally","page_number":115,"box":{"x":340,"y":591,"width":523,"height":11}},{"id":"ee93b94e-ed73-416a-9874-75de254aef77","block_type":"box","text":"updated. The second element is a changing ID, based on the contents of the file at","page_number":115,"box":{"x":340,"y":606,"width":532,"height":12}},{"id":"3ce6f46e-6cac-4b67-8ab3-2f0b1325162c","block_type":"box","text":"the time the file is incrementally updated. When a file is first written, the IDs are","page_number":115,"box":{"x":340,"y":621,"width":524,"height":12}},{"id":"46ba690f-ed55-4762-9911-5fcb05696d4c","block_type":"box","text":"set to the same value. When resolving a file reference, if both IDs match, it is very","page_number":115,"box":{"x":341,"y":636,"width":533,"height":12}},{"id":"e7801606-1dc4-4edb-bb98-a5faf9b37d8e","block_type":"box","text":"likely that the correct file has been found. If only the first ID matches, then a","page_number":115,"box":{"x":340,"y":652,"width":499,"height":11}},{"id":"768828cb-4dc9-4353-952c-0b7de01c6424","block_type":"box","text":"different version of the correct file has been found.","page_number":115,"box":{"x":340,"y":667,"width":330,"height":9}},{"id":"40591bc7-88a7-4a00-afaf-2cc2ce8d6c9d","block_type":"box","text":"To help insure the uniqueness of the file ID, it is recommend that file ID be","page_number":115,"box":{"x":340,"y":696,"width":489,"height":11}},{"id":"87bf4cc3-3b62-47bb-a295-09fae4bb58cc","block_type":"box","text":"computed using a message digest algorithm such as MD5, as described in","page_number":115,"box":{"x":340,"y":711,"width":480,"height":11}},{"id":"5ee2ae1a-a902-46de-82d4-6de33704e558","block_type":"box","text":"RFC","page_number":115,"box":{"x":824,"y":711,"width":32,"height":9}},{"id":"9518a7a4-772c-4167-a2d9-6328c685881c","block_type":"box","text":"1321: The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm","page_number":115,"box":{"x":341,"y":726,"width":282,"height":11}},{"id":"a0cf0183-cebc-451f-95a1-ac613c4be1c2","block_type":"box","text":"[22]","page_number":115,"box":{"x":629,"y":726,"width":24,"height":11}},{"id":"035c8762-ab0f-41f5-a77e-263900fbed48","block_type":"box","text":". It is recommend that the","page_number":115,"box":{"x":656,"y":726,"width":165,"height":9}},{"id":"65d210c4-2f57-4113-97ab-958a062105ad","block_type":"box","text":"following information be passed to the message digest algorithm:","page_number":115,"box":{"x":340,"y":741,"width":425,"height":12}},{"id":"4959b97d-f7ce-476a-b0f3-dca5ca79b535","block_type":"box","text":"• the current time","page_number":115,"box":{"x":341,"y":770,"width":122,"height":9}},{"id":"aa926fc5-bf0c-41a0-857a-bed4ddccaa01","block_type":"box","text":"• a string representation of the location of the file, usually a path name","page_number":115,"box":{"x":341,"y":799,"width":467,"height":12}},{"id":"2c186a2c-cc30-4c4e-848b-a1b4594f4ae0","block_type":"box","text":"• the document size in bytes","page_number":115,"box":{"x":341,"y":828,"width":191,"height":12}},{"id":"7433d7b9-b9e4-488d-ac95-5cf24a013ad7","block_type":"box","text":"• the value of each entry in the document’s Info dictionary.","page_number":115,"box":{"x":341,"y":858,"width":390,"height":11}},{"id":"30a7e034-89d1-4e17-b9bf-2844a883daab","block_type":"box","text":"PDF 1.1","page_number":115,"box":{"x":913,"y":303,"width":56,"height":9}},{"id":"029667fc-9e12-4edf-b54d-c4da7083284c","block_type":"box","text":"6: Document Structure November 12, 1996","page_number":116,"box":{"x":145,"y":18,"width":437,"height":11}},{"id":"780f2f86-a501-4f12-866e-952bcf40a336","block_type":"box","text":"118 Adobe Systems Inc.","page_number":116,"box":{"x":145,"y":905,"width":431,"height":11}},{"id":"9b95c5c8-7eb7-40ac-9a31-234310f3bc17","block_type":"box","text":"Implementation note Adobe applications pass this information to the MD5 message digest algorithm to","page_number":116,"box":{"x":168,"y":87,"width":706,"height":11}},{"id":"63215f9d-8a53-4df4-964f-1374a28006ec","block_type":"box","text":"calculate file IDs. Note that the calculation of the file IDs need not be","page_number":116,"box":{"x":340,"y":102,"width":453,"height":11}},{"id":"ff2cca5d-e452-4bf9-b804-f05a0bbe8c7d","block_type":"box","text":"reproducible. All that matters is that the file IDs are likely to be unique. For","page_number":116,"box":{"x":341,"y":117,"width":494,"height":12}},{"id":"3c7a5acd-8439-442d-a69a-a5b5eed5efec","block_type":"box","text":"example, two implementations of this algorithm might use different formats for the","page_number":116,"box":{"x":340,"y":132,"width":534,"height":12}},{"id":"dbc76080-0720-44d2-b8d4-8b5cc30307f9","block_type":"box","text":"current time. This will cause them to produce different file IDs for the same file","page_number":116,"box":{"x":340,"y":148,"width":514,"height":11}},{"id":"849ea207-c734-49c3-9094-9891b52c7ce4","block_type":"box","text":"created at the same time, but this does not affect the uniqueness of the ID.","page_number":116,"box":{"x":340,"y":163,"width":480,"height":11}},{"id":"70840fed-2b6f-4e6a-bbaf-721edc62ebb3","block_type":"box","text":"6.14 Encryption dictionary","page_number":116,"box":{"x":283,"y":215,"width":258,"height":14}},{"id":"2b9ab4c6-aac6-4f3e-9854-c2f677e4f519","block_type":"box","text":"Documents can be protected via encryption, as described in","page_number":116,"box":{"x":340,"y":250,"width":388,"height":11}},{"id":"daa0ed74-a5b7-46c3-b214-88cbe2d3a8dc","block_type":"box","text":"Section 5.7,","page_number":116,"box":{"x":733,"y":250,"width":76,"height":10}},{"id":"03945419-5037-4df0-b5d2-ca6ea8693535","block_type":"box","text":"“Encr","page_number":116,"box":{"x":341,"y":265,"width":37,"height":9}},{"id":"6d4c1c69-ffa9-4740-8ed0-d7cf038c646c","block_type":"box","text":"yption","page_number":116,"box":{"x":378,"y":265,"width":41,"height":11}},{"id":"ffc41c67-ff68-4604-a772-1c396a6724f9","block_type":"box","text":".” Every protected document must have an Encryption dictionary,","page_number":116,"box":{"x":421,"y":265,"width":424,"height":11}},{"id":"f78ed81d-3a57-42eb-96bf-6436c91dad0c","block_type":"box","text":"which specifies the security handler to be used to authorize access to the document.","page_number":116,"box":{"x":340,"y":280,"width":534,"height":12}},{"id":"a2941438-8347-4f19-a8b4-97594e711136","block_type":"box","text":"The Encryption dictionary also contains whatever additional information the","page_number":116,"box":{"x":340,"y":295,"width":499,"height":12}},{"id":"d7356009-1fae-4d9e-8a1c-d45c8cd2a7f4","block_type":"box","text":"security handler chooses to store in it.","page_number":116,"box":{"x":341,"y":311,"width":245,"height":11}},{"id":"d774042d-ce92-4624-b8e5-460611e38448","block_type":"box","text":"The only entry required by PDF in the Encryption dictionary is the","page_number":116,"box":{"x":340,"y":340,"width":435,"height":11}},{"id":"2b24c7d4-1504-4c92-a72c-6825c0f85ecc","block_type":"box","text":"Filter","page_number":116,"box":{"x":781,"y":340,"width":36,"height":8}},{"id":"8e7660d5-1d9e-44d0-b1a8-917543b06b4f","block_type":"box","text":"key,","page_number":116,"box":{"x":822,"y":340,"width":25,"height":11}},{"id":"73e42470-8c08-4c2e-8c92-b649f2f7ea58","block_type":"box","text":"whose value is the name of the security handler that encrypted the document. A","page_number":116,"box":{"x":340,"y":355,"width":518,"height":11}},{"id":"30fda862-56e9-450f-bb73-676c08682c06","block_type":"box","text":"security handler may require additional keys in the Encryption dictionary. The","page_number":116,"box":{"x":341,"y":370,"width":509,"height":11}},{"id":"8d78b928-9703-4d35-96e8-6ce0ace12b2e","block_type":"box","text":"keys required by the built-in standard security handler are described below.","page_number":116,"box":{"x":340,"y":385,"width":488,"height":11}},{"id":"80f4ce7b-aec7-41b6-930f-14437d6dca0d","block_type":"box","text":"Standard encryption","page_number":116,"box":{"x":341,"y":420,"width":156,"height":12}},{"id":"0a78fb65-121d-471b-83b0-3db58d9c9124","block_type":"box","text":"The built-in encryption method provided by PDF allows for the following","page_number":116,"box":{"x":340,"y":448,"width":481,"height":12}},{"id":"7a9f4829-7ac3-4ef2-b420-f001bb0ba18d","block_type":"box","text":"functionality. A document has two passwords: an owner password and a user","page_number":116,"box":{"x":340,"y":463,"width":500,"height":12}},{"id":"701dc575-582b-4d08-92be-25fc11e7d655","block_type":"box","text":"password. The document also specifies operations that should be restricted even","page_number":116,"box":{"x":340,"y":479,"width":520,"height":11}},{"id":"87bac97e-706f-4088-a3ac-4adb83282123","block_type":"box","text":"when the document is decrypted: printing, copying text and graphics out of the","page_number":116,"box":{"x":340,"y":494,"width":514,"height":11}},{"id":"6098660e-4454-4599-a1aa-bfd0880faef8","block_type":"box","text":"document, modifying the document, and adding or modifying text notes. When the","page_number":116,"box":{"x":340,"y":509,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"66884003-58b2-40cb-8261-6c96d51a170a","block_type":"box","text":"correct user password is supplied, the document is opened and decrypted but these","page_number":116,"box":{"x":340,"y":524,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"e801c51f-ac11-4ed7-a9cb-9676f7b05143","block_type":"box","text":"operations are restricted; when the owner password is supplied, all operations are","page_number":116,"box":{"x":340,"y":539,"width":529,"height":12}},{"id":"b6c4013b-2bdb-4ce6-a7d1-245485770bb2","block_type":"box","text":"allowed. The owner password is required to change these passwords and","page_number":116,"box":{"x":340,"y":554,"width":472,"height":12}},{"id":"b8c70774-09c3-4765-bf20-88334e913a7f","block_type":"box","text":"restrictions. A document is encrypted whenever a user or owner password or","page_number":116,"box":{"x":340,"y":570,"width":498,"height":11}},{"id":"ed6ae808-e786-48f7-b794-4a2b448c4327","block_type":"box","text":"restrictions are supplied for the document. However, a user is prompted for a","page_number":116,"box":{"x":340,"y":585,"width":501,"height":11}},{"id":"607ea223-6f64-4da0-887e-47a2b02db0f0","block_type":"box","text":"password on opening a document only if the document has a user password. 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The first five bytes of the MD5 output make up the encryption key.","page_number":118,"box":{"x":370,"y":244,"width":453,"height":11}},{"id":"330b7c7e-ed2f-4b78-8e4d-73fc7a4fb33f","block_type":"box","text":"The encryption key is used to encrypt strings and stream data, as described in","page_number":118,"box":{"x":340,"y":274,"width":504,"height":11}},{"id":"0c0958c8-b00c-4a5f-a32e-8364cf437a69","block_type":"box","text":"Section 5.7,","page_number":118,"box":{"x":341,"y":289,"width":76,"height":11}},{"id":"71071bc4-b41a-4e9e-b10e-1e01e4013464","block_type":"box","text":"“Encr","page_number":118,"box":{"x":422,"y":289,"width":38,"height":9}},{"id":"199b21b2-45aa-4f54-b046-b4182a0b89fd","block_type":"box","text":"yption","page_number":118,"box":{"x":460,"y":289,"width":41,"height":11}},{"id":"99b020c1-a7da-449a-ae06-ac29d139c6c7","block_type":"box","text":".” The same key decrypts data as well.","page_number":118,"box":{"x":502,"y":289,"width":247,"height":11}},{"id":"141cacda-61e4-46b6-8a2d-55a77e36409b","block_type":"box","text":"To create an encrypted document, the standard security handler must compute the","page_number":118,"box":{"x":340,"y":318,"width":532,"height":12}},{"id":"54e2641d-6e26-4490-80e0-420bbc10855a","block_type":"box","text":"entries in the Encryption dictionary as well as the encryption key. While","page_number":118,"box":{"x":340,"y":333,"width":470,"height":12}},{"id":"909857e7-c3c6-4c53-918c-2f961a1f3f4e","block_type":"box","text":"calculation of the value of the","page_number":118,"box":{"x":340,"y":348,"width":194,"height":9}},{"id":"18f9276f-0ffe-4646-ab57-ca3776bfd533","block_type":"box","text":"Filter","page_number":118,"box":{"x":539,"y":348,"width":39,"height":9}},{"id":"530fcb3e-7bcc-4fcb-aa92-1a79adea4395","block_type":"box","text":",","page_number":118,"box":{"x":578,"y":356,"width":2,"height":3}},{"id":"8afb5707-a45a-4aa3-a03b-33b41e45ecca","block_type":"box","text":"R","page_number":118,"box":{"x":587,"y":348,"width":9,"height":9}},{"id":"6bd68c8e-97aa-4d15-a14b-88e3a933e419","block_type":"box","text":"(Revision), and","page_number":118,"box":{"x":602,"y":348,"width":99,"height":11}},{"id":"af44c65d-5d7f-408e-91bd-cb03df8ac7fc","block_type":"box","text":"P","page_number":118,"box":{"x":707,"y":348,"width":9,"height":9}},{"id":"ce08305b-011a-48f4-872f-af79a5eb1eed","block_type":"box","text":"(Permissions) keys are","page_number":118,"box":{"x":722,"y":348,"width":146,"height":12}},{"id":"0f325670-55ad-4da0-9baa-8bea6d7730d5","block_type":"box","text":"straightforward, calculation of the value of the","page_number":118,"box":{"x":341,"y":364,"width":301,"height":11}},{"id":"4fa6a865-5f9d-4968-8739-c6ea89c8daa3","block_type":"box","text":"O","page_number":118,"box":{"x":647,"y":363,"width":12,"height":9}},{"id":"e56b5e69-aad8-4e38-82c1-fa64ec0d55cc","block_type":"box","text":"(Owner) and","page_number":118,"box":{"x":664,"y":364,"width":82,"height":10}},{"id":"38c09b17-b776-4bfe-b45c-da1460f8362d","block_type":"box","text":"U","page_number":118,"box":{"x":752,"y":363,"width":9,"height":9}},{"id":"d91a1c9d-ebda-4e3b-a42b-7e056e05c05e","block_type":"box","text":"(User) keys","page_number":118,"box":{"x":767,"y":364,"width":74,"height":11}},{"id":"6c7450fc-9f33-40e1-9ec3-cafce693c60d","block_type":"box","text":"requires further explanation.","page_number":118,"box":{"x":340,"y":379,"width":184,"height":11}},{"id":"a5dc3f2a-e401-4ea2-bc08-90edd0cdef76","block_type":"box","text":"Alg","page_number":118,"box":{"x":340,"y":408,"width":24,"height":11}},{"id":"bb68b3a7-a23f-4ed5-afe0-d8acf9f7b7ae","block_type":"box","text":"or","page_number":118,"box":{"x":365,"y":411,"width":13,"height":6}},{"id":"8ca858c6-5463-4bd6-9c90-3be8f8a9496d","block_type":"box","text":"ithm 6.4","page_number":118,"box":{"x":378,"y":408,"width":54,"height":9}},{"id":"c047b7a3-9df4-459f-bbf7-e396b451a47a","block_type":"box","text":"shows how to calculate the value of the","page_number":118,"box":{"x":437,"y":408,"width":255,"height":9}},{"id":"233f5d77-2fa0-4395-af8f-74b20e59ac65","block_type":"box","text":"O","page_number":118,"box":{"x":697,"y":407,"width":11,"height":10}},{"id":"392aa8d5-7c34-4abe-bd86-76abcaefcc0d","block_type":"box","text":"key in the Encryption","page_number":118,"box":{"x":713,"y":408,"width":141,"height":11}},{"id":"7b5ecc21-d395-4ebc-b968-ddb7ee456094","block_type":"box","text":"dictionary:","page_number":118,"box":{"x":340,"y":423,"width":69,"height":11}},{"id":"7e95c3f2-2c5c-4eae-bcca-548b048b89c2","block_type":"box","text":"Algorithm 6.4","page_number":118,"box":{"x":360,"y":452,"width":98,"height":12}},{"id":"aafca1f6-59c1-49de-abe9-f825842faf84","block_type":"box","text":"Computing the","page_number":118,"box":{"x":460,"y":452,"width":104,"height":12}},{"id":"09a9eb43-95e2-45eb-8dc9-c22e52b09609","block_type":"box","text":"O","page_number":118,"box":{"x":565,"y":452,"width":11,"height":9}},{"id":"297e33cf-6d27-4bc1-98ba-9d4fa368354f","block_type":"box","text":"(Owner) key in the Encryption dictionary","page_number":118,"box":{"x":582,"y":452,"width":282,"height":12}},{"id":"0cb7205e-9a11-4c64-a526-6551236a2b49","block_type":"box","text":"1. Truncate or pad the owner password string as needed, following the same","page_number":118,"box":{"x":371,"y":475,"width":497,"height":12}},{"id":"b99c4881-087c-423e-9b6d-955943739c6c","block_type":"box","text":"process as in step 1 of computing an encryption key (Algorithm 6.3). If","page_number":118,"box":{"x":389,"y":492,"width":466,"height":11}},{"id":"8ba5bf8c-af23-499c-9684-cad325f6b57f","block_type":"box","text":"there is no owner password, the user password is used instead.","page_number":118,"box":{"x":389,"y":508,"width":405,"height":12}},{"id":"e5937352-f032-4d65-aa3c-186f30bce2de","block_type":"box","text":"2. Provide the string as input to the MD5 hash function.","page_number":118,"box":{"x":370,"y":539,"width":365,"height":11}},{"id":"749a19dd-de3a-4632-bbf5-73a628b832df","block_type":"box","text":"3. Create an RC4 key using the first five bytes of the MD5 output.","page_number":118,"box":{"x":370,"y":569,"width":431,"height":11}},{"id":"667b824f-1d11-446d-9bf2-0e0fa28ddd1a","block_type":"box","text":"4. Truncate or pad the user password string as needed, following the same","page_number":118,"box":{"x":369,"y":599,"width":485,"height":12}},{"id":"4b65edab-1c60-4627-bdb1-71d9b162caa9","block_type":"box","text":"process as in step 1 of Algorithm 6.3.","page_number":118,"box":{"x":389,"y":616,"width":243,"height":11}},{"id":"3913e016-e3ee-45a4-9513-439eb170d422","block_type":"box","text":"5. Encrypt the padded user password string using the RC4 algorithm with the","page_number":118,"box":{"x":370,"y":646,"width":504,"height":11}},{"id":"1ed5f617-b3b5-4f6b-b89f-ec35932b2b10","block_type":"box","text":"key from step 3.","page_number":118,"box":{"x":389,"y":662,"width":104,"height":12}},{"id":"103c1ec3-a55f-4294-aad1-332e5352f467","block_type":"box","text":"6. 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Create an encryption key (Algorithm 6.3) based on the user password","page_number":118,"box":{"x":371,"y":807,"width":471,"height":11}},{"id":"cd049539-8541-4ec7-ac49-076084601f12","block_type":"box","text":"string.","page_number":118,"box":{"x":390,"y":823,"width":39,"height":12}},{"id":"9efd6383-e2cc-469b-b620-5357b2191e45","block_type":"box","text":"2. Encrypt the 32-byte string specified in step 1 of Algorithm 6.3 using the","page_number":118,"box":{"x":370,"y":854,"width":489,"height":11}},{"id":"9511d28c-69a2-413d-a4cb-f5a110ecac08","block_type":"box","text":"RC4 algorithm with the encryption key from the previous step.","page_number":118,"box":{"x":389,"y":870,"width":409,"height":12}},{"id":"81d75c62-fd9d-4c3e-83ec-257d1c7058bb","block_type":"box","text":"November 12, 1996 6.9.12","page_number":119,"box":{"x":441,"y":18,"width":437,"height":11}},{"id":"0de0706d-9f54-4346-8273-e21e50cd03c9","block_type":"box","text":"6: Document Structure 121","page_number":119,"box":{"x":653,"y":905,"width":222,"height":9}},{"id":"32c5bc9e-62e9-4390-b48a-fc25f0167022","block_type":"box","text":"3. Store the encrypted string as the value of the","page_number":119,"box":{"x":370,"y":87,"width":309,"height":11}},{"id":"ce15471a-678c-47ef-96ae-177ee73bcccd","block_type":"box","text":"U","page_number":119,"box":{"x":685,"y":87,"width":9,"height":9}},{"id":"c1d0540f-3135-4e01-9cef-42e963e8151f","block_type":"box","text":"key in the Encryption","page_number":119,"box":{"x":700,"y":87,"width":140,"height":11}},{"id":"c8041a98-583a-4bf9-a5ba-117d7e322e1b","block_type":"box","text":"dictionary.","page_number":119,"box":{"x":389,"y":103,"width":68,"height":12}},{"id":"0ad8a3bd-78aa-479c-8765-1a6ab1bad203","block_type":"box","text":"The standard security handler performs several other functions beyond calculating","page_number":119,"box":{"x":340,"y":134,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"fd40d247-09f6-4661-982f-0b842ab0262b","block_type":"box","text":"the key needed to encrypt or decrypt data, as described above. It determines if the","page_number":119,"box":{"x":340,"y":149,"width":532,"height":11}},{"id":"acfa0f32-c783-4c9b-9c56-b0d9627ab460","block_type":"box","text":"candidate password string is the user password, the owner password, or neither. If","page_number":119,"box":{"x":340,"y":164,"width":533,"height":11}},{"id":"97761354-28aa-4256-b44b-febfae7b4ff9","block_type":"box","text":"it is the user password, it determines the operations that should be restricted.","page_number":119,"box":{"x":340,"y":179,"width":497,"height":12}},{"id":"5bfd48c0-ea4d-4176-ad7b-39e8ca8bb3f7","block_type":"box","text":"Given a password, the standard security handler uses the contents of the","page_number":119,"box":{"x":340,"y":208,"width":468,"height":12}},{"id":"3f5be842-af77-4b83-b1cb-e2c2456a0a67","block_type":"box","text":"Encryption dictionary to determine if a document should be opened and what","page_number":119,"box":{"x":340,"y":223,"width":505,"height":12}},{"id":"46216062-f2f2-4d15-9db2-154086830eb7","block_type":"box","text":"permissions should be granted. If the password is the user password, the document","page_number":119,"box":{"x":340,"y":239,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"b2c1fc28-8e03-4165-9658-ff23102884ed","block_type":"box","text":"is opened only with the permissions specified in the Encryption dictionary. If the","page_number":119,"box":{"x":340,"y":254,"width":526,"height":11}},{"id":"4313e177-bda5-43b2-9aa1-e2fbd5e0b5fe","block_type":"box","text":"password is the owner password (but not the same as the user password), all","page_number":119,"box":{"x":340,"y":269,"width":495,"height":11}},{"id":"28a41c27-291b-4d90-b973-aa716ee2c48a","block_type":"box","text":"permissions are enabled.","page_number":119,"box":{"x":340,"y":284,"width":160,"height":11}},{"id":"a4ac0c3e-9413-4381-bbfa-c062f112bcba","block_type":"box","text":"To determine if a password is the correct user password, the security handler uses","page_number":119,"box":{"x":340,"y":313,"width":531,"height":11}},{"id":"d3924bc0-50aa-4238-82ac-3a6cb41ee798","block_type":"box","text":"Algorithm 6.6:","page_number":119,"box":{"x":340,"y":328,"width":96,"height":12}},{"id":"14b9570b-17bc-48c9-9be9-0986896fc86e","block_type":"box","text":"Algorithm 6.6","page_number":119,"box":{"x":360,"y":358,"width":98,"height":11}},{"id":"9b4f61f8-10bb-4b7a-a108-3c4532b0b1c2","block_type":"box","text":"Checking for the correct user password","page_number":119,"box":{"x":460,"y":357,"width":271,"height":12}},{"id":"6322c402-f709-4434-b4d9-6e00e915ef80","block_type":"box","text":"1. Compute an encryption key from the password string, using Algorithm 6.3.","page_number":119,"box":{"x":371,"y":381,"width":507,"height":11}},{"id":"5b0f3267-40a0-4a04-97d6-f3f86d15c263","block_type":"box","text":"2. Decrypt the value of the","page_number":119,"box":{"x":370,"y":411,"width":176,"height":11}},{"id":"7384f010-978e-42c4-a77f-4b98eed14b51","block_type":"box","text":"U","page_number":119,"box":{"x":551,"y":411,"width":10,"height":9}},{"id":"af085b0b-586b-44e5-b457-cffc0c8d3b9e","block_type":"box","text":"key, using RC4 with the encryption key.","page_number":119,"box":{"x":566,"y":411,"width":260,"height":11}},{"id":"65e2920f-ecad-4df3-9af3-eceb258d1c89","block_type":"box","text":"3. If the resulting string is the same as the string described in step 1 of","page_number":119,"box":{"x":370,"y":441,"width":460,"height":12}},{"id":"283f9524-a022-4076-b36e-991b0bf5c8c0","block_type":"box","text":"Algorithm 6.3, the password is the user password.","page_number":119,"box":{"x":389,"y":458,"width":325,"height":11}},{"id":"b3f8cd79-5739-452d-80a4-1627f6c56c24","block_type":"box","text":"To determine if a password is the correct owner password, the security handler","page_number":119,"box":{"x":340,"y":488,"width":512,"height":11}},{"id":"5d83a77a-daf6-48aa-b5e4-057ad9654bca","block_type":"box","text":"uses Algorithm 6.7:","page_number":119,"box":{"x":340,"y":503,"width":128,"height":12}},{"id":"9d0df20d-ed90-424b-b8ef-a6efdb53a5ce","block_type":"box","text":"Algorithm 6.7","page_number":119,"box":{"x":360,"y":533,"width":98,"height":11}},{"id":"b4b5d5ce-e074-4324-a8fc-7c7accab506b","block_type":"box","text":"Checking for the correct owner password","page_number":119,"box":{"x":460,"y":532,"width":284,"height":12}},{"id":"369f2acc-9e1d-4c60-bdf5-b292a7de36d5","block_type":"box","text":"1. Compute an encryption key from the password string, using steps 1","page_number":119,"box":{"x":371,"y":556,"width":456,"height":11}},{"id":"8d8a6921-77a5-497e-a402-671f69dc2f67","block_type":"box","text":"through 3 of Algorithm 6.4.","page_number":119,"box":{"x":389,"y":572,"width":180,"height":11}},{"id":"a798ea38-4ff0-4239-8bf7-9c7f8d899374","block_type":"box","text":"2. Decrypt the value of the","page_number":119,"box":{"x":370,"y":602,"width":176,"height":12}},{"id":"191adbed-265b-4f7e-94bb-b1b037136461","block_type":"box","text":"O","page_number":119,"box":{"x":551,"y":602,"width":11,"height":9}},{"id":"4669a2e4-f3ba-447b-a1d0-fadeb06493ec","block_type":"box","text":"key, using RC4 with the encryption key.","page_number":119,"box":{"x":567,"y":602,"width":260,"height":12}},{"id":"9d33dd1f-043f-40da-b8b8-567bfac4cc7d","block_type":"box","text":"3. Use the resulting string as an encryption key to decrypt the value of the","page_number":119,"box":{"x":370,"y":633,"width":483,"height":11}},{"id":"2281572b-64d1-4959-b334-08f7dd645aca","block_type":"box","text":"U","page_number":119,"box":{"x":859,"y":632,"width":9,"height":10}},{"id":"488298c7-6fce-4528-9c48-55e11fb2c629","block_type":"box","text":"key, again using RC4.","page_number":119,"box":{"x":389,"y":649,"width":142,"height":11}},{"id":"429c6a44-53cb-49bc-9bd6-abe97f3792c1","block_type":"box","text":"4. 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7.13.5","page_number":207,"box":{"x":441,"y":18,"width":437,"height":11}},{"id":"d8022834-ddf2-4589-b887-37eb06730f99","block_type":"box","text":"7: Common Data Structures 209","page_number":207,"box":{"x":614,"y":905,"width":264,"height":9}},{"id":"ad077a0e-f962-433b-9fb7-74abf695d894","block_type":"box","text":"Property Lists provide an open-ended extension mechanism that allows a set of","page_number":207,"box":{"x":340,"y":87,"width":517,"height":11}},{"id":"21c9ec48-edc2-49cc-873c-ddf7b0b5b8cd","block_type":"box","text":"key-value pairs to be associated with particular marks in a content stream. With the","page_number":207,"box":{"x":340,"y":102,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"1c58f227-19b3-42db-af3a-4dc33e62ac1d","block_type":"box","text":"exceptions of the","page_number":207,"box":{"x":340,"y":117,"width":111,"height":12}},{"id":"ab5e2fda-b9bf-4303-b86d-8a2450b4cd60","block_type":"box","text":"Subtype","page_number":207,"box":{"x":456,"y":117,"width":63,"height":12}},{"id":"5f1a8880-72a0-42ba-babb-bc92c455165f","block_type":"box","text":"key, no particular keys are defined by PDF. It is","page_number":207,"box":{"x":524,"y":117,"width":308,"height":12}},{"id":"9bfc5e3f-46d4-4741-8fc1-256b48a599e4","block_type":"box","text":"suggested, however, that any particular extension use keys in a consistent way. For","page_number":207,"box":{"x":341,"y":132,"width":534,"height":12}},{"id":"9a539a83-541b-42f6-a7c6-bfccbd3f5780","block_type":"box","text":"example, the values associated with a given key should always be of the same type","page_number":207,"box":{"x":340,"y":148,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"710ac29d-7427-428e-90d7-89aedebbf92d","block_type":"box","text":"(or small set of types). The meanings of the extended keys are determined by the","page_number":207,"box":{"x":341,"y":163,"width":525,"height":11}},{"id":"c427776c-3cf0-42e3-b647-f8f7bc8d68f5","block_type":"box","text":"extensions which create and use those keys.","page_number":207,"box":{"x":340,"y":178,"width":284,"height":11}},{"id":"3c43c397-0228-44f5-9bf0-ea4c1797970b","block_type":"box","text":"Table 7.43","page_number":207,"box":{"x":340,"y":207,"width":73,"height":9}},{"id":"b3888a8a-0b68-4979-b800-5a77ee70c0ca","block_type":"box","text":"Property List attributes","page_number":207,"box":{"x":422,"y":207,"width":152,"height":11}},{"id":"ee0df918-1a67-40d2-827a-641111034aa7","block_type":"box","text":"Key Type Semantics","page_number":207,"box":{"x":145,"y":235,"width":272,"height":12}},{"id":"ed7669b0-63ec-4794-bcf4-6e2a974f5246","block_type":"box","text":"Subtype","page_number":207,"box":{"x":145,"y":261,"width":63,"height":12}},{"id":"ebe83561-e6bd-40b7-8e41-b5aedbcd3ffb","block_type":"box","text":"name","page_number":207,"box":{"x":285,"y":264,"width":35,"height":6}},{"id":"70294a57-9b49-4fe9-9a7f-8a19f1fda446","block_type":"box","text":"(Optional)","page_number":207,"box":{"x":341,"y":261,"width":67,"height":12}},{"id":"d0f8dc40-9a1a-4626-b0fb-99d233cbc057","block_type":"box","text":"Object subtype. Intended to indicate the application or extension that","page_number":207,"box":{"x":413,"y":261,"width":449,"height":12}},{"id":"6011bdac-fdba-4037-a8c4-f6371982651b","block_type":"box","text":"defines the property list.","page_number":207,"box":{"x":340,"y":276,"width":157,"height":12}},{"id":"6fa0af11-d314-4b7b-9f57-4c314210451b","block_type":"box","text":"7: Common Data Structures November 12, 1996","page_number":208,"box":{"x":145,"y":18,"width":437,"height":11}},{"id":"2773f849-625c-41f9-9bbf-451a76be5f15","block_type":"box","text":"210 Adobe Systems Inc.","page_number":208,"box":{"x":144,"y":905,"width":432,"height":11}},{"id":"b2454ea2-2600-4e18-a6b3-503892c39c6f","block_type":"box","text":"PDF 1.2 Reference Manual November 12, 1996 8: Page Descriptions","page_number":209,"box":{"x":145,"y":18,"width":733,"height":12}},{"id":"2d143285-2eb1-426e-adf5-9436691138d9","block_type":"box","text":"211","page_number":209,"box":{"x":852,"y":905,"width":23,"height":9}},{"id":"750ba42c-580d-4169-88ee-135781dbdf4f","block_type":"box","text":"CHAPTER","page_number":209,"box":{"x":390,"y":98,"width":85,"height":11}},{"id":"c0f17ad4-478d-4fce-bc31-c489d4b706dc","block_type":"box","text":"8","page_number":209,"box":{"x":518,"y":92,"width":14,"height":17}},{"id":"3d7d456b-0d9c-48c3-b330-736091f4bab9","block_type":"box","text":"Page Descriptions","page_number":209,"box":{"x":392,"y":181,"width":336,"height":28}},{"id":"b98deb18-60da-4efc-8d38-abe5fb206ea6","block_type":"box","text":"This chapter describes the PDF operators that draw text, graphics, and images on","page_number":209,"box":{"x":340,"y":269,"width":528,"height":11}},{"id":"25d1f5d7-2322-4c92-aba8-86118dfc17b6","block_type":"box","text":"the page and in other “marking contexts” such as forms and patterns. It completes","page_number":209,"box":{"x":340,"y":284,"width":533,"height":11}},{"id":"e101dfdb-ab9e-48a0-8574-fc13346e7231","block_type":"box","text":"the specification of PDF. The following chapters describe how to produce efficient","page_number":209,"box":{"x":340,"y":299,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"2ba65816-3512-4cc7-8a00-a5ad4f27e702","block_type":"box","text":"PDF files.","page_number":209,"box":{"x":340,"y":314,"width":64,"height":9}},{"id":"2f6d7e81-dd96-4bd2-94c9-9d06a4755ebf","block_type":"box","text":"Text, graphics, and images are drawn using the coordinate systems described in","page_number":209,"box":{"x":340,"y":343,"width":518,"height":12}},{"id":"5e6a21ac-a400-4474-b446-0d5637fa93e4","block_type":"box","text":"Cha","page_number":209,"box":{"x":340,"y":359,"width":26,"height":8}},{"id":"8b809a04-747a-4b8d-b4e5-4c856eb96aaf","block_type":"box","text":"pter 3","page_number":209,"box":{"x":366,"y":359,"width":37,"height":11}},{"id":"16deb8c3-6a51-45b9-ba39-1a4bfc72a794","block_type":"box","text":". It may be useful to refer to that chapter when reading the description of","page_number":209,"box":{"x":405,"y":359,"width":471,"height":11}},{"id":"3ba21fdb-fdbb-45f2-bd53-cd23895c7535","block_type":"box","text":"various operators, to obtain a better understanding of the coordinate systems used","page_number":209,"box":{"x":340,"y":374,"width":532,"height":11}},{"id":"6c37ab2a-c19a-4bf1-a5d8-72625223551a","block_type":"box","text":"in PDF documents and the relationships among them.","page_number":209,"box":{"x":340,"y":389,"width":349,"height":11}},{"id":"c69c2264-56de-4950-8b47-dad51aa22c45","block_type":"box","text":"A","page_number":209,"box":{"x":340,"y":418,"width":11,"height":9}},{"id":"1ddf3e9f-27cc-49c3-968a-eb8bd9ae641c","block_type":"box","text":"ppendix B","page_number":209,"box":{"x":352,"y":418,"width":66,"height":11}},{"id":"1d1c2b38-d45e-44e2-9666-33a4082f4f53","block_type":"box","text":"contains a complete list of operators, arranged alphabetically.","page_number":209,"box":{"x":424,"y":418,"width":398,"height":11}},{"id":"ba13cb24-f756-4059-accd-5400a5b82805","block_type":"box","text":"Note Throughout this chapter, PDF operators are shown with a list of the operands they","page_number":209,"box":{"x":289,"y":447,"width":586,"height":11}},{"id":"abc60d65-6925-46eb-ba6c-eebdfc532a16","block_type":"box","text":"require. For operators that correspond to one or more PostScript language","page_number":209,"box":{"x":341,"y":462,"width":490,"height":11}},{"id":"e02ad8e0-668d-435e-b9be-e23028096a63","block_type":"box","text":"operators, the corresponding PostScript language operator appears in bold on the","page_number":209,"box":{"x":340,"y":477,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"ab81b7d4-98b3-47f4-a38e-d5bf6ecacc45","block_type":"box","text":"first line of the operator’s definition. An operand specified as a number may be","page_number":209,"box":{"x":338,"y":492,"width":515,"height":12}},{"id":"28a41541-aab0-4495-9a76-8eff60196d57","block_type":"box","text":"either integer or real. Otherwise, numeric operands must be integer.","page_number":209,"box":{"x":340,"y":508,"width":444,"height":11}},{"id":"def043a1-fa1a-42d3-8742-2fb9184f6643","block_type":"box","text":"8.1 Overview","page_number":209,"box":{"x":294,"y":560,"width":133,"height":11}},{"id":"3c1fb53d-4e8b-4840-aa08-ab20cf425d66","block_type":"box","text":"A PDF page description can be considered a sequence of graphics objects. These","page_number":209,"box":{"x":340,"y":595,"width":527,"height":11}},{"id":"25f9ce60-cfbf-451c-bc07-a1f12f199459","block_type":"box","text":"objects generate marks that are applied to the current page, obscuring any previous","page_number":209,"box":{"x":340,"y":610,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"91b23f43-5ac9-44bc-ba59-cea879e301cf","block_type":"box","text":"marks they may overlay.","page_number":209,"box":{"x":340,"y":625,"width":158,"height":11}},{"id":"bccac3ca-1fdb-4624-863e-32cd766392a0","block_type":"box","text":"PDF provides four types of graphics objects:","page_number":209,"box":{"x":340,"y":654,"width":290,"height":12}},{"id":"bc69cf7c-eaf5-49ea-9c38-46a237a95e13","block_type":"box","text":"• A","page_number":209,"box":{"x":341,"y":683,"width":30,"height":9}},{"id":"9fa9e212-ea0e-487d-b91f-84927dc8d0fb","block_type":"box","text":"path object","page_number":209,"box":{"x":374,"y":683,"width":75,"height":11}},{"id":"d452ac69-18cc-462f-bd21-9d8fb6beb33a","block_type":"box","text":"is an arbitrary shape made of straight lines, rectangles, and cubic","page_number":209,"box":{"x":453,"y":683,"width":421,"height":12}},{"id":"bb7a8cd2-3099-4c35-9233-ca380a650b6e","block_type":"box","text":"curves. A path may intersect itself and may have disconnected sections and","page_number":209,"box":{"x":360,"y":698,"width":489,"height":12}},{"id":"378a2522-edaa-480e-a788-b4497202363b","block_type":"box","text":"holes. A path object includes a painting operator that specifies whether the path","page_number":209,"box":{"x":360,"y":714,"width":515,"height":11}},{"id":"355a38ca-21ec-4728-8123-c2f3c9adc5ac","block_type":"box","text":"is filled, stroked, and/or serves as a clipping path.","page_number":209,"box":{"x":360,"y":729,"width":320,"height":11}},{"id":"7037987e-3e36-4638-b218-35da1e8513b9","block_type":"box","text":"• A","page_number":209,"box":{"x":341,"y":758,"width":30,"height":8}},{"id":"9a877861-edfa-4464-8dd2-a23365939866","block_type":"box","text":"text object","page_number":209,"box":{"x":376,"y":758,"width":67,"height":11}},{"id":"3b7f3ef7-22f4-4efa-94b6-ea0798187ca4","block_type":"box","text":"consists of one or more character strings that can be placed","page_number":209,"box":{"x":447,"y":758,"width":385,"height":11}},{"id":"70a20ee7-71a7-4d44-a3c1-8561d9b4f3d1","block_type":"box","text":"anywhere on the page and in any orientation. Like a path, text can be stroked,","page_number":209,"box":{"x":360,"y":773,"width":504,"height":11}},{"id":"f6593868-14f2-4354-b988-d1eab0c62107","block_type":"box","text":"filled, and/or serve as a clipping path.","page_number":209,"box":{"x":360,"y":788,"width":243,"height":11}},{"id":"bcd0c727-f7d9-40ce-90b9-7096574599e9","block_type":"box","text":"• An","page_number":209,"box":{"x":341,"y":817,"width":38,"height":9}},{"id":"c6d22f01-5cea-4177-b6c2-d8493f1cb0a0","block_type":"box","text":"image object","page_number":209,"box":{"x":384,"y":817,"width":84,"height":11}},{"id":"fe7ed2b6-ca5b-4159-88b3-a6334d1c122a","block_type":"box","text":"consists of a set of samples using a specified color model.","page_number":209,"box":{"x":472,"y":817,"width":375,"height":11}},{"id":"1d399bfb-49a7-4ddd-9788-828b6c26418c","block_type":"box","text":"Images can be placed anywhere on a page and in any 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Conceptually, a ray is drawn in","page_number":225,"box":{"x":340,"y":177,"width":532,"height":11}},{"id":"8bf4f78e-53a8-4a08-967f-2c6ee1e27173","block_type":"box","text":"any direction from the point in question to infinity, and the points where the ray","page_number":225,"box":{"x":340,"y":192,"width":518,"height":11}},{"id":"479ea747-c2ad-4c47-a666-77af5c8ff10d","block_type":"box","text":"crosses path segments are examined. Starting from a count of zero, add one to the","page_number":225,"box":{"x":340,"y":207,"width":532,"height":11}},{"id":"d01ecc3a-f3bf-4299-9484-c120f7d7c76f","block_type":"box","text":"count each time a path segment crosses the ray from left to right, and subtract one","page_number":225,"box":{"x":340,"y":222,"width":533,"height":12}},{"id":"322d97aa-2ecb-4d03-9e1e-959adb0c957b","block_type":"box","text":"from the count each time a path segment crosses the ray from right to left. If the","page_number":225,"box":{"x":340,"y":237,"width":521,"height":12}},{"id":"3d550c42-51be-4cf8-a57f-4e0e46419153","block_type":"box","text":"ray encounters a path segment that coincides with it, the result is undefined. In this","page_number":225,"box":{"x":340,"y":252,"width":534,"height":12}},{"id":"46583d48-d475-4934-a7d2-55a9c0289989","block_type":"box","text":"case, a ray in another direction can be picked, since all rays are equivalent. After","page_number":225,"box":{"x":340,"y":268,"width":524,"height":11}},{"id":"74912429-3126-424b-b255-0d1f2774f8e9","block_type":"box","text":"counting all the crossings, if the result is zero then the point is outside the path.","page_number":225,"box":{"x":340,"y":283,"width":515,"height":11}},{"id":"ab5dc327-6d18-4137-bce5-4f3cd5d0a4ae","block_type":"box","text":"The effect of using this rule on various paths is illustrated in","page_number":225,"box":{"x":340,"y":298,"width":392,"height":11}},{"id":"1da9d49d-1b55-4156-98bc-c3e110d23d3d","block_type":"box","text":"F","page_number":225,"box":{"x":736,"y":298,"width":9,"height":9}},{"id":"c148a521-0527-40f0-9823-cd662f561cac","block_type":"box","text":"igur","page_number":225,"box":{"x":745,"y":298,"width":27,"height":11}},{"id":"5f003377-9fa2-4bfc-b24f-59d1c8f82281","block_type":"box","text":"e 8.10","page_number":225,"box":{"x":772,"y":298,"width":39,"height":9}},{"id":"7f36b8e2-162a-4ead-b927-7ad2c8bb2dec","block_type":"box","text":". The non\u0002","page_number":225,"box":{"x":813,"y":298,"width":65,"height":9}},{"id":"ea2349da-f3ef-40d7-abee-178179eda1dc","block_type":"box","text":"zero winding number rule is used by the PostScript language","page_number":225,"box":{"x":340,"y":313,"width":396,"height":11}},{"id":"9944f725-bc0f-4f72-b420-9a54ee07311a","block_type":"box","text":"fill","page_number":225,"box":{"x":741,"y":313,"width":18,"height":9}},{"id":"609b30bf-c1fa-4014-89de-df932a16ab6f","block_type":"box","text":"operator.","page_number":225,"box":{"x":765,"y":314,"width":56,"height":10}},{"id":"33556f40-d7d9-464b-9a8a-abe18b1a15b2","block_type":"box","text":"Figure 8.10","page_number":225,"box":{"x":341,"y":342,"width":80,"height":11}},{"id":"1c2450e4-16b1-40a6-a204-0a00d577348d","block_type":"box","text":"Non-zero winding number rule","page_number":225,"box":{"x":430,"y":342,"width":201,"height":11}},{"id":"813b247e-fae4-4c34-95fc-de0116748447","block_type":"box","text":"The","page_number":225,"box":{"x":340,"y":549,"width":25,"height":9}},{"id":"86bbb194-eea1-4944-a90a-ac16bafb835b","block_type":"box","text":"even–odd rule","page_number":225,"box":{"x":370,"y":549,"width":92,"height":9}},{"id":"a29f0187-f530-49d0-ae31-5a6f2a29a784","block_type":"box","text":"uses a slightly different strategy. The same calculation is made","page_number":225,"box":{"x":467,"y":549,"width":407,"height":11}},{"id":"33926e80-5701-4438-a25e-725598d4245e","block_type":"box","text":"as for the non-zero winding number rule, but instead of testing for a result of zero,","page_number":225,"box":{"x":340,"y":564,"width":534,"height":12}},{"id":"b5d16718-58b7-40b2-9be7-dd4c2bd62cbd","block_type":"box","text":"a test is made as to whether the result is even or odd. If the result is odd, the point","page_number":225,"box":{"x":340,"y":579,"width":532,"height":12}},{"id":"ede6e2f6-3d83-4223-80c4-2bfe7f3ec685","block_type":"box","text":"is inside the path; if the result is even, the point is outside. 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PDF","page_number":244,"box":{"x":340,"y":282,"width":522,"height":11}},{"id":"2a10911a-eab6-48c6-ad56-9ccacd6c1cd6","block_type":"box","text":"file itself.","page_number":244,"box":{"x":340,"y":297,"width":60,"height":8}},{"id":"20c7f91e-fbb1-4d34-91ad-8d69e5341299","block_type":"box","text":"The reader is assumed to be familiar with PDF document structure and with the","page_number":244,"box":{"x":340,"y":326,"width":519,"height":9}},{"id":"d1e432d1-5e8a-48c2-b724-589d60b4acbd","block_type":"box","text":"basic architecture of the World Wide Web, and is assumed not to be intimidated by","page_number":244,"box":{"x":340,"y":341,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"ed456af5-e294-45bb-a021-77e9932b2c62","block_type":"box","text":"terms such as URL, HTTP, and MIME.","page_number":244,"box":{"x":340,"y":356,"width":255,"height":10}},{"id":"4d99be93-5381-4823-8fbb-81ec865b2584","block_type":"box","text":"9.2 Background and Assumptions","page_number":244,"box":{"x":294,"y":408,"width":328,"height":15}},{"id":"6af9d924-ed3c-41c0-aeda-a6c16350e4d0","block_type":"box","text":"The principal problem addressed by the linearized PDF design is accessing PDF","page_number":244,"box":{"x":340,"y":443,"width":523,"height":12}},{"id":"4c987613-e28e-4e95-9006-b2a021399a5e","block_type":"box","text":"documents through the World Wide Web. This environment has the following","page_number":244,"box":{"x":340,"y":458,"width":504,"height":12}},{"id":"cf59ede8-ebd4-4246-8907-f3fe84b95458","block_type":"box","text":"important properties:","page_number":244,"box":{"x":340,"y":474,"width":136,"height":11}},{"id":"e9559ab7-9063-4674-aac6-8d7a82c2a21c","block_type":"box","text":"1. The access protocol (HTTP) is a transaction consisting of a request and a","page_number":244,"box":{"x":361,"y":503,"width":495,"height":11}},{"id":"a32d4c25-d483-4b94-98be-6543bb9d9883","block_type":"box","text":"response. The client presents a request in the form of a URL, and the server","page_number":244,"box":{"x":379,"y":518,"width":493,"height":11}},{"id":"9095e068-0446-40e7-9ab1-1c900f856819","block_type":"box","text":"sends a response consisting of one or more MIME-tagged data blocks.","page_number":244,"box":{"x":380,"y":533,"width":457,"height":11}},{"id":"f9f66802-6e74-4de1-a84d-fe07f0cb5019","block_type":"box","text":"2. After a transaction has completed, obtaining more data requires a new","page_number":244,"box":{"x":360,"y":562,"width":476,"height":11}},{"id":"6d22b049-ffc9-4266-aa90-048c66745846","block_type":"box","text":"request-response transaction. The connection between client and server does","page_number":244,"box":{"x":379,"y":577,"width":495,"height":11}},{"id":"5da0b533-05c4-435f-9cce-177521aa274e","block_type":"box","text":"not ordinarily persist beyond the end of a transaction, although some imple\u0002","page_number":244,"box":{"x":379,"y":592,"width":494,"height":12}},{"id":"213ef753-835b-4312-8dca-55136caf0d8c","block_type":"box","text":"mentations may attempt to cache the open connection in order to expedite","page_number":244,"box":{"x":379,"y":607,"width":481,"height":12}},{"id":"59c5a897-6519-42d2-8407-62834870b224","block_type":"box","text":"subsequent transactions with the same server.","page_number":244,"box":{"x":380,"y":623,"width":294,"height":11}},{"id":"e50582b6-0dec-412a-95d8-f3b4744bcbbd","block_type":"box","text":"3. Round-trip delay can be significant. A request-response transaction can take","page_number":244,"box":{"x":360,"y":652,"width":514,"height":11}},{"id":"5ab49266-6ec7-4782-b3d7-3ff0a1a7909f","block_type":"box","text":"up to several seconds, independent of the amount of data requested.","page_number":244,"box":{"x":379,"y":667,"width":440,"height":11}},{"id":"f36509e5-15af-4914-9f62-a7e002376323","block_type":"box","text":"4. The data rate may be limited. A typical bottleneck is a 14.4K or 28.8K bit/","page_number":244,"box":{"x":360,"y":696,"width":505,"height":11}},{"id":"9c29c731-d509-48a6-8667-1a2f47361e42","block_type":"box","text":"sec modem link between the client and the Internet service provider.","page_number":244,"box":{"x":380,"y":711,"width":443,"height":11}},{"id":"1c572562-91b8-4082-9269-55033fb0a1cb","block_type":"box","text":"The above properties are generally shared by other wide-area network","page_number":244,"box":{"x":340,"y":740,"width":457,"height":11}},{"id":"5054b071-a911-482f-89ce-27ed4dfabadf","block_type":"box","text":"architectures aside from the World Wide Web. Additionally, CD-ROMs share some","page_number":244,"box":{"x":340,"y":755,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"10f0e079-c214-4316-a942-61d1b25be4b4","block_type":"box","text":"of these properties, since they have relatively slow seek times and limited data","page_number":244,"box":{"x":340,"y":770,"width":510,"height":12}},{"id":"44a81ed5-8d9b-4500-849e-8fc936da2ec3","block_type":"box","text":"rates compared to magnetic media. In the remainder of this presentation, we","page_number":244,"box":{"x":340,"y":786,"width":496,"height":11}},{"id":"803234cb-0746-43d5-924e-2d01f46ba775","block_type":"box","text":"concentrate on the World Wide Web exclusively.","page_number":244,"box":{"x":340,"y":801,"width":314,"height":11}},{"id":"1ed9a6c1-9848-4f21-9bd6-fdfb4e6ea614","block_type":"box","text":"There are some additional properties of the HTTP protocol that are relevant to the","page_number":244,"box":{"x":340,"y":830,"width":533,"height":11}},{"id":"a4e8c625-d854-4321-b405-56260593c04f","block_type":"box","text":"problem of accessing PDF files efficiently. These properties may not all be shared","page_number":244,"box":{"x":340,"y":845,"width":533,"height":11}},{"id":"4d7b65fb-53a5-4462-a147-246270c3f571","block_type":"box","text":"by other protocols or network environments.","page_number":244,"box":{"x":340,"y":860,"width":289,"height":11}},{"id":"8cb51afa-d314-481a-a350-ad09e363e1c7","block_type":"box","text":"November 12, 1996","page_number":245,"box":{"x":441,"y":18,"width":141,"height":11}},{"id":"fdc54ee1-5ce8-4528-9a7e-f94b177b2ba6","block_type":"box","text":"9: Linearized PDF 247","page_number":245,"box":{"x":685,"y":905,"width":193,"height":9}},{"id":"1ba1ee8b-42f9-4aec-9733-9d1712ca23d7","block_type":"box","text":"5. When a PDF file is initially accessed (say, by following a URL hyperlink","page_number":245,"box":{"x":360,"y":87,"width":496,"height":11}},{"id":"75fe65ea-f7b1-4c81-b931-2c9d717e79e8","block_type":"box","text":"from some other document), the file type is not known to the client. There\u0002","page_number":245,"box":{"x":379,"y":102,"width":487,"height":12}},{"id":"61a638d1-3522-4018-8026-78007fee8000","block_type":"box","text":"fore, the client initiates a transaction to retrieve the entire document, then","page_number":245,"box":{"x":379,"y":117,"width":478,"height":11}},{"id":"19ead8c7-43f8-4b87-ab64-57d60278cde7","block_type":"box","text":"inspects the MIME tag of the response as it arrives. Only at that point is the","page_number":245,"box":{"x":379,"y":132,"width":492,"height":12}},{"id":"12c6e124-1e01-4935-9967-bd03b5788f1a","block_type":"box","text":"document known to be PDF. Additionally, the length of the document","page_number":245,"box":{"x":379,"y":148,"width":454,"height":11}},{"id":"87c20116-6f9b-4c7f-80fa-45f4112f791b","block_type":"box","text":"becomes known at that time.","page_number":245,"box":{"x":379,"y":163,"width":186,"height":9}},{"id":"7fa88fac-f205-48ad-8193-8370a13091b5","block_type":"box","text":"6. The client can abort a response while it is still in progress, if it decides that","page_number":245,"box":{"x":360,"y":192,"width":508,"height":11}},{"id":"396f999d-ad76-4a3b-9757-010de91c77ff","block_type":"box","text":"the remainder of the data is not of any immediate interest. How quickly the","page_number":245,"box":{"x":379,"y":207,"width":490,"height":11}},{"id":"db4dc70a-ba19-47d1-95eb-136e289e5187","block_type":"box","text":"abort takes effect depends on round-trip time and server responsiveness. In","page_number":245,"box":{"x":380,"y":222,"width":487,"height":12}},{"id":"35436845-038a-4c86-b498-c8ad4e2985e6","block_type":"box","text":"HTTP, aborting the transaction requires closing the connection, which will","page_number":245,"box":{"x":379,"y":237,"width":486,"height":12}},{"id":"5c946df9-394c-4c6a-87da-af997d1af52e","block_type":"box","text":"interfere with the strategy of caching the open connection between transac\u0002","page_number":245,"box":{"x":379,"y":252,"width":490,"height":12}},{"id":"1b1102a1-a079-4ce2-b677-f3de79b5b641","block_type":"box","text":"tions.","page_number":245,"box":{"x":379,"y":268,"width":35,"height":8}},{"id":"15b6a9c8-a775-4e68-8975-1566e7d22b45","block_type":"box","text":"7. The client can request retrieval of portions of a document by specifying one","page_number":245,"box":{"x":360,"y":297,"width":513,"height":11}},{"id":"6f6c9494-19f9-4ad6-84ca-d95df95685e9","block_type":"box","text":"or more byte ranges (","page_number":245,"box":{"x":380,"y":312,"width":137,"height":11}},{"id":"d2802aee-675c-49a1-986a-9a4717a5e125","block_type":"box","text":"offset","page_number":245,"box":{"x":518,"y":312,"width":35,"height":11}},{"id":"e507c688-ff99-4c12-9190-a2140bbd38b2","block_type":"box","text":",","page_number":245,"box":{"x":554,"y":319,"width":2,"height":3}},{"id":"b18dbaf7-f4c8-462e-a9d1-0be78d0e9cc7","block_type":"box","text":"count","page_number":245,"box":{"x":561,"y":314,"width":36,"height":7}},{"id":"7ec637ca-d20f-41b8-92fa-4b7248a1284c","block_type":"box","text":") as part of the URL. Each range can be rel\u0002","page_number":245,"box":{"x":597,"y":312,"width":281,"height":11}},{"id":"bd75d0b9-9c9b-4dd1-af22-1acad196b328","block_type":"box","text":"ative to either the beginning or the end of the file. The client can specify as","page_number":245,"box":{"x":380,"y":327,"width":486,"height":11}},{"id":"9e07c037-5245-4262-a9c9-1701d49d4f08","block_type":"box","text":"many ranges as it wants in the request, and the response will consist of mul\u0002","page_number":245,"box":{"x":379,"y":342,"width":495,"height":12}},{"id":"bb443052-607f-4e82-8015-49b6ed5d0fa5","block_type":"box","text":"tiple blocks, each properly tagged.","page_number":245,"box":{"x":379,"y":357,"width":224,"height":12}},{"id":"0544bbf8-a065-4dca-92b8-0de0f4878e15","block_type":"box","text":"8. The client can initiate multiple concurrent transactions in an attempt to","page_number":245,"box":{"x":360,"y":386,"width":481,"height":12}},{"id":"36200445-2c32-417f-a5e9-df3e53b96dce","block_type":"box","text":"obtain multiple responses in parallel. This is commonly done, for instance, to","page_number":245,"box":{"x":380,"y":402,"width":495,"height":11}},{"id":"1b514781-fca8-489e-b083-a83ab6d7f986","block_type":"box","text":"retrieve in-line images referenced from a HTML document. This strategy","page_number":245,"box":{"x":379,"y":417,"width":477,"height":11}},{"id":"b8d8c92d-9cc6-4264-8826-8fd972e024ca","block_type":"box","text":"isn’t always reliable and may backfire if the transactions interfere with each","page_number":245,"box":{"x":379,"y":432,"width":494,"height":11}},{"id":"f9b894d3-4102-490a-98dc-e7c6c0e0f38b","block_type":"box","text":"other by competing for scarce resources in the server or the communication","page_number":245,"box":{"x":380,"y":447,"width":491,"height":11}},{"id":"65915e9d-342a-40f1-b2a9-c7377dcbe899","block_type":"box","text":"channel.","page_number":245,"box":{"x":379,"y":462,"width":54,"height":9}},{"id":"e4df5b07-5a68-4615-aade-2125aa068c31","block_type":"box","text":"We have experimentally determined that multiple concurrent transactions","page_number":245,"box":{"x":379,"y":491,"width":477,"height":12}},{"id":"88a2c5fe-3dbc-470b-a9aa-88561b398821","block_type":"box","text":"don’t work very well for PDF in some important environments. Therefore,","page_number":245,"box":{"x":379,"y":506,"width":485,"height":12}},{"id":"c4c9fae1-68b9-4137-bce3-be0c27427c4a","block_type":"box","text":"linearized PDF is designed to enable good performance to be achieved using","page_number":245,"box":{"x":379,"y":522,"width":495,"height":11}},{"id":"c0f02611-2862-4984-b733-23051d1ce55a","block_type":"box","text":"only one transaction at a time. 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Image","page_number":254,"box":{"x":340,"y":408,"width":521,"height":11}},{"id":"eea5a127-ef06-4bc3-b227-11342ab28f96","block_type":"box","text":"XObjects usually are not shared, but they should appear at the end of the page,","page_number":254,"box":{"x":340,"y":423,"width":512,"height":11}},{"id":"778d0461-b3a9-487f-a685-a4771bca49dc","block_type":"box","text":"since rendering of images is deferred.","page_number":254,"box":{"x":341,"y":438,"width":243,"height":12}},{"id":"ff3efbbf-3b3f-4bbf-803b-a3b62aca3d18","block_type":"box","text":"9.3.8 Shared objects","page_number":254,"box":{"x":284,"y":473,"width":172,"height":12}},{"id":"d0510a16-4696-43ad-814a-4fbc2ff439f3","block_type":"box","text":"(Part 8) This portion of the file contains objects, primarily named resources, that","page_number":254,"box":{"x":341,"y":505,"width":523,"height":11}},{"id":"f87f6e3b-2c0a-4052-85e7-b2ff712419f2","block_type":"box","text":"are referenced from more than one page and that are not referenced (directly or","page_number":254,"box":{"x":340,"y":520,"width":516,"height":12}},{"id":"0bafe159-6f07-43b9-bdee-d4912a1eadbd","block_type":"box","text":"indirectly) from the first page. The hint tables contain an index of these objects.","page_number":254,"box":{"x":340,"y":535,"width":517,"height":12}},{"id":"00d51c31-90c0-44d4-ae5d-69d3ca61dd9d","block_type":"box","text":"The order of these objects is essentially arbitrary. However, wherever a resource","page_number":254,"box":{"x":340,"y":564,"width":522,"height":12}},{"id":"79d38d17-be57-4323-b813-82d4e9234b49","block_type":"box","text":"consists of a multiple-level structure, all components of the structure should be","page_number":254,"box":{"x":340,"y":580,"width":514,"height":11}},{"id":"7317ae3b-8ba9-477d-be39-3232b5e9d8ce","block_type":"box","text":"grouped together. If only the top-level object is referenced from outside the group,","page_number":254,"box":{"x":340,"y":595,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"75d1d62c-cf30-4f80-afb5-f63dabcad7de","block_type":"box","text":"the entire group can be described by a single entry in the Shared Object hint table.","page_number":254,"box":{"x":340,"y":610,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"6c2e0307-b738-47e7-aae5-2e054c82dc4f","block_type":"box","text":"This helps to minimize the size of the Shared Object hint table and the number of","page_number":254,"box":{"x":340,"y":625,"width":532,"height":11}},{"id":"769a922a-48ab-4691-9cbb-a5e1dfd09d62","block_type":"box","text":"individual references from entries in the Page Offset hint table.","page_number":254,"box":{"x":340,"y":640,"width":409,"height":12}},{"id":"f8e2d00b-eebb-4005-a796-aaebac575164","block_type":"box","text":"Implementation note Acrobat 3.0 does not generate Shared Object groups containing more than one","page_number":254,"box":{"x":168,"y":669,"width":686,"height":12}},{"id":"cb6441c7-0e5c-4af7-90a3-141b6755d291","block_type":"box","text":"object.","page_number":254,"box":{"x":340,"y":684,"width":42,"height":12}},{"id":"c044b1b9-f4c1-428f-a050-cf61148266d1","block_type":"box","text":"9.3.9 Other objects","page_number":254,"box":{"x":284,"y":719,"width":161,"height":12}},{"id":"222bd0e2-be5d-44a5-b148-1f64bfd4f83e","block_type":"box","text":"(Part 9) Following the shared objects are any other objects that are part of the","page_number":254,"box":{"x":341,"y":751,"width":503,"height":12}},{"id":"dc7b6017-afce-4459-9a03-9cab089b2699","block_type":"box","text":"document but aren’t required for displaying pages. These objects are divided into","page_number":254,"box":{"x":340,"y":767,"width":529,"height":11}},{"id":"71ca2be6-8b40-46ab-80fc-5e9530626cd7","block_type":"box","text":"functional categories. Objects within each of these categories should be grouped","page_number":254,"box":{"x":340,"y":782,"width":524,"height":11}},{"id":"e2759c36-420f-47b0-9e78-000cd34f4637","block_type":"box","text":"together. The relative order of the categories is unimportant.","page_number":254,"box":{"x":340,"y":797,"width":390,"height":11}},{"id":"bb7e512c-3f0f-4379-b09a-dfe442ea2390","block_type":"box","text":"1. Currently, this includes any Type 1 or TrueType font that has a","page_number":254,"box":{"x":205,"y":837,"width":412,"height":12}},{"id":"577208d7-ad7c-4803-8e6d-524ee578c119","block_type":"box","text":"FontDescriptor","page_number":254,"box":{"x":621,"y":837,"width":116,"height":12}},{"id":"db1b82bc-f44b-4abc-87f5-5956e27fa73d","block_type":"box","text":"and whose Flags","page_number":254,"box":{"x":741,"y":837,"width":105,"height":12}},{"id":"cf64c9a3-7579-4b19-b498-ea904daf7a4f","block_type":"box","text":"bit 6 is set (indicating Adobe standard Roman character set). The base 14 Type 1 fonts cannot be de\u0002","page_number":254,"box":{"x":173,"y":852,"width":657,"height":12}},{"id":"d4cbdbee-ee44-41ba-9abd-30a2f18bef06","block_type":"box","text":"ferred, although it is unlikely that they would be embedded.","page_number":254,"box":{"x":174,"y":868,"width":389,"height":11}},{"id":"ab5cbae3-b9b2-44d9-ab25-acac9c2810a7","block_type":"box","text":"November 12, 1996 9.3.10","page_number":255,"box":{"x":441,"y":18,"width":437,"height":11}},{"id":"210fdcbd-cf49-42a9-9bc1-d2ee3667da93","block_type":"box","text":"9: Linearized PDF 257","page_number":255,"box":{"x":685,"y":905,"width":193,"height":9}},{"id":"359d724b-07ff-4f27-be9e-cd40c2b2fc82","block_type":"box","text":"• Pages tree. This can be located here, since the linearized PDF viewer never","page_number":255,"box":{"x":341,"y":87,"width":507,"height":11}},{"id":"3c8055e2-a099-4491-98e3-a2d3679ea27f","block_type":"box","text":"needs to consult it. Note that all Resources and other inheritable attributes of the","page_number":255,"box":{"x":360,"y":102,"width":515,"height":9}},{"id":"2353b735-1f9c-4fb2-a3ef-755ac273fc08","block_type":"box","text":"Pages objects must be pushed down and replicated in each of the leaf Page","page_number":255,"box":{"x":360,"y":117,"width":486,"height":12}},{"id":"1c70770c-b577-4570-a745-afad0cda3dab","block_type":"box","text":"objects (but they may contain indirect references to shared objects).","page_number":255,"box":{"x":360,"y":132,"width":439,"height":12}},{"id":"46e8ca86-6bad-4a04-8bcf-0908aefa05f1","block_type":"box","text":"• Thumbnails. These should simply be ordered by page number. Note that the","page_number":255,"box":{"x":341,"y":162,"width":513,"height":11}},{"id":"c6cae99c-7b35-4989-97fb-15318dfee5a9","block_type":"box","text":"thumbnail for page 0 should be first, even if the first page of the linearized PDF","page_number":255,"box":{"x":360,"y":177,"width":515,"height":11}},{"id":"8d126ef1-b98d-41b8-9af3-97b0466fad6c","block_type":"box","text":"is some page other than 0. Each thumbnail consists of one or more objects.","page_number":255,"box":{"x":360,"y":192,"width":487,"height":11}},{"id":"b4c8b545-05fb-43b0-aa3e-1e65b0db5680","block_type":"box","text":"These objects may refer to objects in the Thumbnail Shared Objects section (see","page_number":255,"box":{"x":360,"y":207,"width":515,"height":11}},{"id":"3d06c8d3-331b-4d0b-ac2b-e31a42635b25","block_type":"box","text":"the next item).","page_number":255,"box":{"x":360,"y":222,"width":93,"height":11}},{"id":"dd6d5ede-1d73-40c1-8f08-267520c22f11","block_type":"box","text":"• Thumbnails Shared Objects. These are objects that are shared among some or","page_number":255,"box":{"x":341,"y":251,"width":525,"height":12}},{"id":"97089ba2-e397-44f7-a97a-781fd04d52d0","block_type":"box","text":"all thumbnail objects and are not referenced from any other objects.","page_number":255,"box":{"x":360,"y":266,"width":440,"height":12}},{"id":"cadd9a40-bfff-4a4b-b026-b2f3b198c915","block_type":"box","text":"• Outline tree, if not located in Part 6. The order of objects should be the same as","page_number":255,"box":{"x":341,"y":295,"width":533,"height":12}},{"id":"483bd28a-f9c5-4411-a650-e0c6fc85ab55","block_type":"box","text":"the order in which they are displayed by the viewer. This is a preorder traversal","page_number":255,"box":{"x":360,"y":311,"width":514,"height":11}},{"id":"da2665c8-20cb-44c1-87c8-c17869e73329","block_type":"box","text":"of the tree, skipping over any subtree that is closed (i.e., whose parent’s","page_number":255,"box":{"x":360,"y":326,"width":463,"height":11}},{"id":"cfb71682-aec4-4acb-b818-01118d306233","block_type":"box","text":"Count","page_number":255,"box":{"x":828,"y":325,"width":46,"height":10}},{"id":"1b146490-2207-4954-ac5e-b1c2c124734c","block_type":"box","text":"is negative). Following that should be the subtrees that were skipped over, in the","page_number":255,"box":{"x":360,"y":341,"width":515,"height":11}},{"id":"ecebd00b-c2e9-4f05-8b6a-efd49b35e00c","block_type":"box","text":"order that they would have appeared if they were all open.","page_number":255,"box":{"x":360,"y":356,"width":378,"height":11}},{"id":"95e3759e-9cb7-42f3-97db-379df3606d24","block_type":"box","text":"• Thread info dictionaries, referenced from the","page_number":255,"box":{"x":341,"y":385,"width":312,"height":11}},{"id":"6abef31a-71ac-4979-8ada-6b9f29a7d709","block_type":"box","text":"I","page_number":255,"box":{"x":658,"y":385,"width":3,"height":9}},{"id":"0bcfe808-b2fc-419a-8d00-60bbfb9864e6","block_type":"box","text":"(Info) attributes of thread","page_number":255,"box":{"x":667,"y":385,"width":164,"height":11}},{"id":"1bf4fb4d-e70d-44ed-951f-7c1404dfd599","block_type":"box","text":"dictionaries. Note that the thread dictionaries themselves are co-located with","page_number":255,"box":{"x":360,"y":400,"width":499,"height":9}},{"id":"8346ad17-ef47-4d23-97bb-8d855518c372","block_type":"box","text":"the Catalog, and the beads with the individual pages.","page_number":255,"box":{"x":360,"y":415,"width":343,"height":12}},{"id":"4ea28d2c-c9de-4b00-a5e3-c9299c3ffd91","block_type":"box","text":"• Named destinations. These objects include the","page_number":255,"box":{"x":341,"y":444,"width":321,"height":12}},{"id":"58464c1c-17c1-45ad-9dc0-7f69c8c1cf93","block_type":"box","text":"Dests","page_number":255,"box":{"x":667,"y":444,"width":43,"height":9}},{"id":"3c0d4a77-b8c8-480e-a091-b4fc135ba11b","block_type":"box","text":"or","page_number":255,"box":{"x":715,"y":447,"width":13,"height":6}},{"id":"479f5251-d0ae-4c3c-92e3-0001e9eacd4d","block_type":"box","text":"Names","page_number":255,"box":{"x":733,"y":444,"width":52,"height":9}},{"id":"a717a507-ded8-477f-8220-bf10d57d660a","block_type":"box","text":"attribute of","page_number":255,"box":{"x":791,"y":444,"width":72,"height":9}},{"id":"91243922-dbd1-45a2-9876-ca45dd90e959","block_type":"box","text":"the Catalog and all the destination objects that it refers to. See","page_number":255,"box":{"x":360,"y":460,"width":404,"height":11}},{"id":"cafcc811-f733-4fb5-b403-49aee9cf4ffe","block_type":"box","text":"Section 9.5.2,","page_number":255,"box":{"x":769,"y":460,"width":88,"height":10}},{"id":"b953f24c-8e47-41b9-991b-fe3be598a549","block_type":"box","text":"“Opening a","page_number":255,"box":{"x":360,"y":475,"width":74,"height":11}},{"id":"766ec7be-108e-48a5-bcea-2f93f265b9b5","block_type":"box","text":"t an arbitr","page_number":255,"box":{"x":434,"y":475,"width":64,"height":9}},{"id":"4004990e-8b13-4d23-9e22-38fbd53d51fa","block_type":"box","text":"ar","page_number":255,"box":{"x":498,"y":478,"width":12,"height":6}},{"id":"5e2ca7db-e308-474d-bdcf-731ce4e04c34","block_type":"box","text":"y pa","page_number":255,"box":{"x":511,"y":478,"width":27,"height":8}},{"id":"b1bc7b94-3532-4e06-b7cb-27c782d5964f","block_type":"box","text":"g","page_number":255,"box":{"x":539,"y":478,"width":7,"height":8}},{"id":"6139723c-69e4-4ee3-9755-8252b816b561","block_type":"box","text":"e","page_number":255,"box":{"x":547,"y":478,"width":6,"height":6}},{"id":"972ada45-63a0-4bdc-bae2-2aae79945a15","block_type":"box","text":".”","page_number":255,"box":{"x":555,"y":475,"width":8,"height":9}},{"id":"b2c5011a-9536-4f39-b58a-0ea145a8abb9","block_type":"box","text":"• Info dictionary and the objects contained within it.","page_number":255,"box":{"x":341,"y":504,"width":347,"height":11}},{"id":"5ee5a3c9-76f3-44f4-818e-2f81d46181f0","block_type":"box","text":"• AcroForm tree. This does not include the top-level AcroForm dictionary, which","page_number":255,"box":{"x":341,"y":533,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"d960ed92-3ec1-49f4-9224-e3e43256d82f","block_type":"box","text":"is co-located with the Catalog.","page_number":255,"box":{"x":360,"y":548,"width":197,"height":11}},{"id":"b759957c-3227-4fce-be5a-7d3591788fbc","block_type":"box","text":"• Other entries in the Catalog that aren’t referenced from any page.","page_number":255,"box":{"x":341,"y":577,"width":443,"height":11}},{"id":"c3f4dd63-415b-4008-9beb-d188180ba2d4","block_type":"box","text":"9.3.10 Main cross-reference and trailer","page_number":255,"box":{"x":275,"y":612,"width":312,"height":9}},{"id":"7940e956-a564-4aa4-a784-d8f05d5cf3fd","block_type":"box","text":"(Part 11) This is the cross-reference table for all objects in the PDF file except","page_number":255,"box":{"x":341,"y":644,"width":508,"height":11}},{"id":"028d7015-49a3-432e-94b3-91fa4f660f55","block_type":"box","text":"those listed in the First Page Cross-Reference Table (Part 3). As indicated earlier,","page_number":255,"box":{"x":340,"y":659,"width":528,"height":12}},{"id":"a505c38a-ce24-4300-b644-8d3f2602c044","block_type":"box","text":"this cross-reference table plays the role of the “original” cross-reference table for","page_number":255,"box":{"x":340,"y":674,"width":529,"height":12}},{"id":"c4238690-0d89-4a31-bbe6-2942fd704de0","block_type":"box","text":"the file (prior to appending any “updates”). It must conform to the PDF rules for","page_number":255,"box":{"x":340,"y":690,"width":523,"height":11}},{"id":"e8d66c9b-da66-465a-a024-127e73f024cb","block_type":"box","text":"this table:","page_number":255,"box":{"x":340,"y":705,"width":62,"height":8}},{"id":"aec3afb9-8746-43ef-920e-d930b7e982d5","block_type":"box","text":"• It consists of a single cross-reference subsection, beginning at object number 0.","page_number":255,"box":{"x":341,"y":734,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"4303cfec-536c-416e-9c62-1cf2d8fbbcf2","block_type":"box","text":"• The first entry (for object number 0) must be a free entry.","page_number":255,"box":{"x":341,"y":763,"width":391,"height":11}},{"id":"55f9c25e-78a6-4a5d-8635-1cbfee70d978","block_type":"box","text":"• The remaining entries are for in-use objects, which are numbered consecutively","page_number":255,"box":{"x":341,"y":792,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"64d2705d-6f10-4fa3-a1e6-e257f6274be6","block_type":"box","text":"starting at 1.","page_number":255,"box":{"x":360,"y":807,"width":80,"height":11}},{"id":"4d555fe0-1107-41c0-b0e9-7904727ff4f2","block_type":"box","text":"9: Linearized PDF November 12, 1996","page_number":256,"box":{"x":145,"y":18,"width":437,"height":11}},{"id":"2197fd59-3de7-4638-ae69-8dac6a0fed64","block_type":"box","text":"258 Adobe Systems Inc.","page_number":256,"box":{"x":144,"y":905,"width":432,"height":11}},{"id":"fcb77a0e-000d-42ec-9883-e92f262c9cd9","block_type":"box","text":"As indicated earlier, the","page_number":256,"box":{"x":340,"y":87,"width":155,"height":10}},{"id":"4855edf3-e2b7-4969-865e-f7d0117015db","block_type":"box","text":"startxref","page_number":256,"box":{"x":500,"y":86,"width":65,"height":10}},{"id":"aa323d4a-2707-4354-9e10-24f487bf138f","block_type":"box","text":"line gives the offset of the First Page Cross\u0002","page_number":256,"box":{"x":569,"y":87,"width":284,"height":11}},{"id":"41c177be-ed56-4065-bdec-0824928cc1ef","block_type":"box","text":"Reference Table. The","page_number":256,"box":{"x":340,"y":102,"width":139,"height":9}},{"id":"fc679b0b-b745-4b2c-ad68-4197cd6d9c7a","block_type":"box","text":"Prev","page_number":256,"box":{"x":484,"y":102,"width":34,"height":9}},{"id":"35197d6e-ed95-4808-ab4b-fddfed927ee2","block_type":"box","text":"entry of the First Page Trailer gives the offset of the","page_number":256,"box":{"x":523,"y":102,"width":336,"height":12}},{"id":"3c6963d7-b19f-4736-a845-a2a4a6fac0ce","block_type":"box","text":"main cross-reference table. 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The format of the standard hint tables","page_number":256,"box":{"x":608,"y":235,"width":265,"height":11}},{"id":"d167ef9d-a0ac-4e8a-b8f0-a851968ba8ec","block_type":"box","text":"is described below.","page_number":256,"box":{"x":340,"y":250,"width":123,"height":9}},{"id":"498afa55-6135-475d-9b01-856d422aaff3","block_type":"box","text":"There can be additional hint tables for application-specific data accessed by plug\u0002","page_number":256,"box":{"x":340,"y":279,"width":531,"height":11}},{"id":"fd5ee976-70a0-41b3-accc-c2330eb807ea","block_type":"box","text":"ins. 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(If there is an Overflow","page_number":256,"box":{"x":341,"y":369,"width":514,"height":11}},{"id":"7ad020dd-d1c2-4262-adc3-135d4fdd588f","block_type":"box","text":"Hint Stream, its contents are to be appended seamlessly to the primary Hint","page_number":256,"box":{"x":340,"y":384,"width":493,"height":11}},{"id":"856c47f8-8463-402b-a975-c2aae4bb542d","block_type":"box","text":"Stream. Hint table positions are relative to the beginning of this combined stream.)","page_number":256,"box":{"x":341,"y":399,"width":533,"height":11}},{"id":"097229ad-0b48-443e-9a80-c45d816226e6","block_type":"box","text":"In general, this byte stream is treated as a bit stream, high-order bit first, which is","page_number":256,"box":{"x":340,"y":414,"width":529,"height":12}},{"id":"0114c5b8-d362-4e80-8056-fd9f74258196","block_type":"box","text":"then subdivided into fields of arbitrary width without regard to byte boundaries.","page_number":256,"box":{"x":340,"y":429,"width":519,"height":12}},{"id":"04ad6318-aa4d-4825-9304-93362b98972d","block_type":"box","text":"However, each hint table begins at a byte boundary.","page_number":256,"box":{"x":340,"y":444,"width":335,"height":12}},{"id":"0e013fc7-b355-4458-8dc9-dc0baed94580","block_type":"box","text":"The hint tables are designed to encode the required information as compactly as","page_number":256,"box":{"x":340,"y":474,"width":521,"height":11}},{"id":"df093131-0c55-4dcf-bc4d-6a909485aa4b","block_type":"box","text":"possible. Interpreting the hint tables requires reading them sequentially; they are","page_number":256,"box":{"x":340,"y":489,"width":524,"height":11}},{"id":"07e6da75-dfd9-4e11-8a64-1dce5c717493","block_type":"box","text":"not designed for random access. The client is expected to read and decode the","page_number":256,"box":{"x":340,"y":504,"width":507,"height":11}},{"id":"0fc2e550-42df-4541-8b2c-c6c25ccf1470","block_type":"box","text":"tables once and retain the information for as long as the document remains open.","page_number":256,"box":{"x":340,"y":519,"width":526,"height":11}},{"id":"285406ff-18b4-41ff-af87-966b01f7f1d8","block_type":"box","text":"A hint table encodes the positions of various objects in the file. The representation","page_number":256,"box":{"x":340,"y":548,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"a763db04-1f4a-4600-8636-b1b942bc55b9","block_type":"box","text":"is either explicit (an offset from the beginning of the file) or implicit (accumulated","page_number":256,"box":{"x":340,"y":563,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"06ef2049-1703-4eb5-82ab-ca331ced7da2","block_type":"box","text":"lengths of preceding objects). Regardless of the representation, the resulting","page_number":256,"box":{"x":340,"y":578,"width":496,"height":12}},{"id":"bef7b59f-4c8b-4127-bfdb-59733a9a812c","block_type":"box","text":"positions must be interpreted as if the Primary Hint Stream itself were not present.","page_number":256,"box":{"x":340,"y":594,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"3a78e3ff-6728-45e6-ba9d-878f0473efd8","block_type":"box","text":"That is, a position greater than the","page_number":256,"box":{"x":340,"y":609,"width":222,"height":11}},{"id":"ca831daf-04aa-4efa-beb2-8c0385b5d159","block_type":"box","text":"hint stream offset","page_number":256,"box":{"x":567,"y":609,"width":113,"height":11}},{"id":"70d74c92-516f-4858-9edb-393c8c940566","block_type":"box","text":"must have the","page_number":256,"box":{"x":684,"y":609,"width":89,"height":8}},{"id":"0b0f9ae9-a68a-461d-8dce-384275e879e2","block_type":"box","text":"hint stream","page_number":256,"box":{"x":778,"y":609,"width":73,"height":8}},{"id":"cd501c87-fb0d-4c4f-9899-98f21a59deda","block_type":"box","text":"length","page_number":256,"box":{"x":341,"y":624,"width":39,"height":11}},{"id":"f54cd098-0067-4e86-a909-732ec2f1ba5d","block_type":"box","text":"added to it in order to determine the actual offset relative to the beginning of","page_number":256,"box":{"x":385,"y":624,"width":491,"height":11}},{"id":"20074cf0-c10f-42f9-91a6-3cce41a44893","block_type":"box","text":"the file. 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Any information that gets put into the hint tables must","page_number":256,"box":{"x":340,"y":714,"width":526,"height":11}},{"id":"338a2106-d537-4607-8e6e-2778dea3dc22","block_type":"box","text":"not depend on knowing the Primary Hint Stream’s length in advance.","page_number":256,"box":{"x":340,"y":729,"width":450,"height":11}},{"id":"30af806e-b7ef-4e23-a39f-e217a2913444","block_type":"box","text":"Note that this rule applies only to offsets given in the hint tables, and not to offsets","page_number":256,"box":{"x":340,"y":758,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"a9264d7c-b9cd-4df3-9ba4-00abee42bba9","block_type":"box","text":"given in the cross-reference tables or","page_number":256,"box":{"x":340,"y":773,"width":240,"height":11}},{"id":"45016dc4-f410-4db9-b906-fc6da057332d","block_type":"box","text":"Linearized","page_number":256,"box":{"x":585,"y":772,"width":79,"height":10}},{"id":"8464e417-353f-4d00-9f20-fbee8c2df839","block_type":"box","text":"dictionary. 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The value","page_number":258,"box":{"x":340,"y":712,"width":373,"height":12}},{"id":"19ce067a-fb21-4146-bc64-ee7932c28ed8","block_type":"box","text":"d","page_number":258,"box":{"x":718,"y":712,"width":8,"height":9}},{"id":"44eb5957-bac3-4104-97d5-75167a066ab8","block_type":"box","text":"indicates that the","page_number":258,"box":{"x":730,"y":712,"width":110,"height":9}},{"id":"598601f0-5570-48fc-85fe-c5118763bbf7","block_type":"box","text":"shared object is needed before Image XObjects and other non-shared objects that","page_number":258,"box":{"x":341,"y":727,"width":528,"height":12}},{"id":"35529438-894b-4208-b8fe-23b19bd2fcd1","block_type":"box","text":"are at the end of the page. 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The","page_number":259,"box":{"x":340,"y":372,"width":527,"height":12}},{"id":"8b784ffb-86f2-43be-a9c8-1942ee73eb3a","block_type":"box","text":"entries have the same format in both cases.","page_number":259,"box":{"x":340,"y":388,"width":278,"height":8}},{"id":"2692ae4c-8043-4cb5-b80c-24f71fde4023","block_type":"box","text":"For convenience of representation, the first page is treated as if it consisted entirely","page_number":259,"box":{"x":340,"y":417,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"9fe4cd40-ab7d-4c3a-b1e2-3c9e16a5f66e","block_type":"box","text":"of shared objects. That is, the first entry refers to the beginning of the first page and","page_number":259,"box":{"x":340,"y":432,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"8f979e21-4cfd-4d72-a3e0-8658c5650b78","block_type":"box","text":"has an object count and length that span all the initial non-shared objects. The next","page_number":259,"box":{"x":340,"y":447,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"f87b7463-a0b6-4909-a605-f9645a0709e1","block_type":"box","text":"entry refers to a group of shared objects. Subsequent entries span additional groups","page_number":259,"box":{"x":340,"y":462,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"f4e05002-3588-4386-80f4-275cb090dc4c","block_type":"box","text":"of either shared or non-shared objects consecutively, until all shared objects in the","page_number":259,"box":{"x":340,"y":477,"width":534,"height":12}},{"id":"424ba833-171e-49d2-85de-7319898403a0","block_type":"box","text":"first page have been enumerated. 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The client is expected to interpret and retain all the information in the hint","page_number":263,"box":{"x":340,"y":433,"width":512,"height":11}},{"id":"a8e09c05-e675-408f-a66f-8cd495ae72a1","block_type":"box","text":"tables. 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As soon as the hint tables have been","page_number":263,"box":{"x":341,"y":811,"width":483,"height":11}},{"id":"2bdc5edd-d3f8-47cc-ab8a-10c7cfe9e138","block_type":"box","text":"received, the client has sufficient information to request retrieval of any page of the","page_number":263,"box":{"x":340,"y":826,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"7fa88ffa-5d01-4ee5-95c9-919b5bf22a07","block_type":"box","text":"9: Linearized PDF November 12, 1996","page_number":264,"box":{"x":145,"y":18,"width":437,"height":11}},{"id":"d09c7150-7f78-45bd-a564-9f422d4a316a","block_type":"box","text":"266 Adobe Systems Inc.","page_number":264,"box":{"x":144,"y":905,"width":432,"height":11}},{"id":"db1c4133-8548-4632-b1d7-dc63c9d51a33","block_type":"box","text":"document given its page number. Therefore, it can abort the initial transaction and","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":87,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"d4b1fffe-fa1c-43af-8c01-356af49d48cd","block_type":"box","text":"issue a new transaction for the target page, as described in","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":102,"width":374,"height":12}},{"id":"e9dc7eff-d089-4d46-9f39-fa9a36b14322","block_type":"box","text":"Section 9.5.3,","page_number":264,"box":{"x":718,"y":102,"width":88,"height":11}},{"id":"d9e19d1c-66c7-454c-a9b3-4d163ae21c18","block_type":"box","text":"“Going to","page_number":264,"box":{"x":811,"y":102,"width":64,"height":12}},{"id":"84ad4ee5-bd47-4cd4-b5a3-bea40af6b98c","block_type":"box","text":"another pa","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":117,"width":68,"height":12}},{"id":"4746ad40-67b0-4a4a-8c94-60efc0cb329f","block_type":"box","text":"g","page_number":264,"box":{"x":409,"y":120,"width":7,"height":9}},{"id":"542c1556-f08b-4865-9c31-f16470e7701c","block_type":"box","text":"e of an open document","page_number":264,"box":{"x":417,"y":117,"width":148,"height":12}},{"id":"90438101-05a3-4437-bc3e-1222caef5bd0","block_type":"box","text":".”","page_number":264,"box":{"x":566,"y":117,"width":9,"height":9}},{"id":"998f0583-2fa8-4f3c-92d7-f52893883df8","block_type":"box","text":"The position of the Primary Hint Stream (Part 5) with respect to the First Page","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":146,"width":511,"height":12}},{"id":"90a12b4e-5f90-415e-900e-329665e2001c","block_type":"box","text":"objects (Part 6) determines how quickly this can be done. If the Primary Hint","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":162,"width":503,"height":11}},{"id":"444aee69-4bfe-432c-8747-b4d125d13b42","block_type":"box","text":"Stream precedes the First Page objects, the initial transaction can be aborted very","page_number":264,"box":{"x":341,"y":177,"width":528,"height":11}},{"id":"ac22ae7e-6d26-499c-b3fd-d84aa081b3cc","block_type":"box","text":"quickly. However, this is at the cost of increased delay when opening the document","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":192,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"6e1d7263-d2a2-4bda-9a8b-66e24649f44e","block_type":"box","text":"at the first page. On the other hand, if the Primary Hint Stream follows the First","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":207,"width":519,"height":11}},{"id":"68356150-cade-43a8-99c0-402f8be1b9ef","block_type":"box","text":"Page objects, displaying the first page is quicker (since the hint tables are not","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":222,"width":502,"height":12}},{"id":"9911016f-a524-4df3-8dd5-d774befd57cf","block_type":"box","text":"needed for that), but opening at an arbitrary page is delayed by the time required to","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":237,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"78b01556-8b3e-41f7-835e-ab2d7e130547","block_type":"box","text":"receive the first page.","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":252,"width":138,"height":12}},{"id":"097eb5af-0f29-4df1-8d7b-70d8bac12125","block_type":"box","text":"At the time a PDF file is linearized, one must decide whether to favor opening at","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":282,"width":525,"height":11}},{"id":"80ae1933-9da1-49b7-adae-40e9db72af93","block_type":"box","text":"the first page or opening at an arbitrary page.","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":297,"width":292,"height":11}},{"id":"fa9e375e-6323-4876-b4e0-1ccc0f8a608e","block_type":"box","text":"If an Overflow Hint Stream exists, obtaining it requires issuing an additional","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":326,"width":498,"height":11}},{"id":"9573f728-6dce-490d-aa18-64bf945c14b5","block_type":"box","text":"transaction. For this reason, inclusion of an Overflow Hint Stream in linearized","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":341,"width":515,"height":10}},{"id":"db9cb020-a16e-4a1b-80f1-e2eb56b1d373","block_type":"box","text":"PDF, although permitted, is not recommended. The feature exists to allow the","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":356,"width":505,"height":11}},{"id":"08ab74ef-1b41-4000-9258-37056040e429","block_type":"box","text":"linearizer to write the PDF file with space reserved for a Primary Hint Stream of an","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":371,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"3a897831-55d0-4479-a268-788111b104a8","block_type":"box","text":"estimated size, then go back and fill in the hint tables. If the estimate is too small,","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":386,"width":530,"height":12}},{"id":"db9e0e0e-9e3c-47f9-b951-bf80479ed180","block_type":"box","text":"the linearizer can append an overflow stream containing the remaining hint table","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":402,"width":528,"height":11}},{"id":"ef06642d-ce48-480d-b9f4-3f994172f440","block_type":"box","text":"data. This allows writing the PDF file in one pass, which may be an advantage if","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":417,"width":525,"height":11}},{"id":"f0b4f512-9cc2-4fa2-9445-7378c34bc382","block_type":"box","text":"the performance of writing PDF is considered important.","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":432,"width":370,"height":11}},{"id":"9f3b4c0a-ae55-44e1-aa24-33e18a48bf9d","block_type":"box","text":"Opening at a named destination requires the viewer first to read the entire","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":461,"width":479,"height":11}},{"id":"58313deb-1862-48f5-9ec7-39d7588c467c","block_type":"box","text":"Dests","page_number":264,"box":{"x":824,"y":460,"width":43,"height":10}},{"id":"1f563f42-88ed-4e89-9757-733990bbd4b7","block_type":"box","text":"or","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":479,"width":14,"height":6}},{"id":"2c8e5c79-c3bc-4ec0-8103-2748307e6ecf","block_type":"box","text":"Names","page_number":264,"box":{"x":359,"y":476,"width":51,"height":9}},{"id":"feedd368-cd7c-41da-a1d6-9f0c8f1c2fe2","block_type":"box","text":"dictionary, for which a hint is present. Using this information, one can","page_number":264,"box":{"x":416,"y":476,"width":457,"height":11}},{"id":"2fdd1dac-1a0e-445e-a19b-27b8d6d5bb67","block_type":"box","text":"determine the page containing the specific destination identified by the name.","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":491,"width":503,"height":12}},{"id":"c560d2c5-7c36-4e69-9686-e05cb906845a","block_type":"box","text":"Opening at a thread requires the viewer first to read the entire Threads array, which","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":520,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"33dff996-50eb-480d-b977-4a5130d423fd","block_type":"box","text":"is located with the Catalog at the beginning of the document. Using this","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":535,"width":467,"height":12}},{"id":"a955be62-a566-4279-89d1-a491222d5d5b","block_type":"box","text":"information, one can determine the page containing the first bead of any thread.","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":551,"width":518,"height":11}},{"id":"5340d9cc-ff37-4d98-be96-54b7b4125a14","block_type":"box","text":"Opening at other than the first bead of a thread requires chaining through all the","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":566,"width":520,"height":11}},{"id":"2213362a-6cef-457b-96e5-372fe5ac6b01","block_type":"box","text":"beads until the desired one is reached; there are no hints to accelerate this.","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":581,"width":482,"height":10}},{"id":"ef9d157a-85ed-4df4-b759-4523402426f5","block_type":"box","text":"9.5.3 Going to another page of an open document","page_number":264,"box":{"x":284,"y":616,"width":399,"height":12}},{"id":"b20fc116-c23b-4a30-a59a-5dbb3f14cf74","block_type":"box","text":"Given the information in the hint tables, it is now straightforward for the client to","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":648,"width":529,"height":11}},{"id":"cddc1d2c-5bb8-464c-a42f-b9fe4bd89639","block_type":"box","text":"construct a single request to retrieve any arbitrary page of the document. The","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":663,"width":501,"height":11}},{"id":"ea3aacad-0aee-4249-8dd2-a3d19d63fbe0","block_type":"box","text":"request should include:","page_number":264,"box":{"x":340,"y":678,"width":150,"height":12}},{"id":"e1e72fee-ca5b-41c7-ba30-48c3ab0b8d2a","block_type":"box","text":"1. The objects of the page itself, whose byte range can be determined from the","page_number":264,"box":{"x":361,"y":707,"width":513,"height":12}},{"id":"7c6aacc5-8aa9-4579-b96b-ef604a600970","block_type":"box","text":"entry in the Page Offset hint table.","page_number":264,"box":{"x":379,"y":722,"width":223,"height":12}},{"id":"6f2f5e2d-9931-4cd6-9451-f24f66ef6e7f","block_type":"box","text":"2. The portion of the main cross-reference table referring to those objects. This","page_number":264,"box":{"x":360,"y":751,"width":514,"height":12}},{"id":"fe3cc371-9e1b-4480-9ccb-5f3be93c6bb2","block_type":"box","text":"can be computed from main cross-reference table location (","page_number":264,"box":{"x":379,"y":767,"width":387,"height":11}},{"id":"33b597e6-5179-4a0a-aa15-a2b0d9a3bdfe","block_type":"box","text":"T","page_number":264,"box":{"x":767,"y":766,"width":9,"height":9}},{"id":"30c41c42-6c6a-4766-b895-4a730cdf1caa","block_type":"box","text":"attribute in the","page_number":264,"box":{"x":781,"y":767,"width":93,"height":8}},{"id":"458cae0a-0e7d-4721-a2a7-20f9548ed7db","block_type":"box","text":"Linearized","page_number":264,"box":{"x":380,"y":781,"width":79,"height":10}},{"id":"d47d996b-fd8c-4055-86ae-1ec35f2f48fa","block_type":"box","text":"dictionary) and the cumulative object number in the Page Offset","page_number":264,"box":{"x":464,"y":782,"width":411,"height":11}},{"id":"0adf7285-0118-4ac5-b245-dcf22e4cb124","block_type":"box","text":"hint table.","page_number":264,"box":{"x":379,"y":797,"width":64,"height":9}},{"id":"faee3074-d97f-4526-9e7e-f2b6dc78641b","block_type":"box","text":"3. The shared objects referenced from the page, whose byte ranges can be","page_number":264,"box":{"x":360,"y":826,"width":484,"height":11}},{"id":"14d4ac68-28b6-4990-b5c4-b49cd08cc55d","block_type":"box","text":"determined from information in the Shared Object hint table.","page_number":264,"box":{"x":379,"y":841,"width":397,"height":11}},{"id":"c71a92af-8711-4f53-aabc-a21ef83303b3","block_type":"box","text":"4. The portion of the main cross-reference table referring to those objects, as in","page_number":264,"box":{"x":360,"y":870,"width":515,"height":12}},{"id":"04783dec-e9f4-41d3-adc6-876a678188d1","block_type":"box","text":"November 12, 1996 9.5.4","page_number":265,"box":{"x":441,"y":18,"width":437,"height":11}},{"id":"42678170-7d8a-4277-bccf-4250a92d8494","block_type":"box","text":"9: Linearized PDF 267","page_number":265,"box":{"x":685,"y":905,"width":193,"height":9}},{"id":"978d1193-734a-4db7-b350-265308acead2","block_type":"box","text":"(2) above.","page_number":265,"box":{"x":380,"y":87,"width":64,"height":11}},{"id":"92470ecf-57ae-4223-a7d4-b22690e92604","block_type":"box","text":"The purpose of the fractions in the Page Offset hint table is to enable the client to","page_number":265,"box":{"x":340,"y":116,"width":529,"height":11}},{"id":"8b28bc96-0135-42c5-b539-22138cec03a9","block_type":"box","text":"schedule retrieval of the page in a way that allows incremental display of the data","page_number":265,"box":{"x":341,"y":131,"width":530,"height":12}},{"id":"3fab8def-4947-4e0b-a41f-0ae36c3b74fa","block_type":"box","text":"as it arrives. It accomplishes this by constructing a request that interleaves pieces","page_number":265,"box":{"x":340,"y":146,"width":527,"height":12}},{"id":"dd79f145-b60c-4ba5-99b7-1124e0b1f7bf","block_type":"box","text":"of the page contents with the shared resources that the contents refer to. This","page_number":265,"box":{"x":340,"y":162,"width":499,"height":11}},{"id":"c40bbee5-b04b-474d-be0e-e3e02a4fc24a","block_type":"box","text":"serves much the same purpose as the physical interleaving that is done for the first","page_number":265,"box":{"x":341,"y":177,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"f4c1a650-8afe-44fb-95af-9a3a02f9f455","block_type":"box","text":"page.","page_number":265,"box":{"x":340,"y":195,"width":34,"height":8}},{"id":"7b8442b6-0e02-4774-9c0f-5ceb1b81a9d3","block_type":"box","text":"9.5.4 Drawing a page incrementally","page_number":265,"box":{"x":284,"y":227,"width":286,"height":12}},{"id":"0829e9cb-6367-4966-a3f4-16ff1676f764","block_type":"box","text":"The ordering of objects in pages and the organization of the hint tables is intended","page_number":265,"box":{"x":340,"y":259,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"ce177cfa-0844-46fd-b6b3-5c7e42ee94d1","block_type":"box","text":"to allow progressive update of the display and early opportunities for user","page_number":265,"box":{"x":340,"y":274,"width":481,"height":11}},{"id":"2f1af4fc-c6d9-4ada-8431-87a5a777bdf2","block_type":"box","text":"interaction when the data is arriving slowly. The viewer must recognize instances","page_number":265,"box":{"x":340,"y":289,"width":529,"height":11}},{"id":"a3d8ec3d-924e-446a-9669-64174017e936","block_type":"box","text":"in which the targets of indirect object references haven’t arrived yet and, where","page_number":265,"box":{"x":340,"y":304,"width":516,"height":12}},{"id":"3207e520-2270-40df-8131-398d64ed5dbb","block_type":"box","text":"possible, rearrange the order in which it acts on the objects in the page.","page_number":265,"box":{"x":340,"y":319,"width":463,"height":12}},{"id":"59105aec-55df-415b-87db-db23834373a9","block_type":"box","text":"The following sequence of actions is recommended:","page_number":265,"box":{"x":340,"y":348,"width":339,"height":12}},{"id":"ef121f1e-b50e-4f2e-a492-6d34677f943b","block_type":"box","text":"1. Activate the annotations, but don’t draw them yet. Also activate the cursor","page_number":265,"box":{"x":361,"y":378,"width":501,"height":11}},{"id":"fdc3de20-554f-4397-9f7d-71129a530b4b","block_type":"box","text":"feedback for any article threads in the page.","page_number":265,"box":{"x":379,"y":393,"width":284,"height":11}},{"id":"1bdea822-12fa-4603-92ec-21bf3a1c45c2","block_type":"box","text":"2. Begin drawing the Contents. Whenever there is a reference to an Image","page_number":265,"box":{"x":360,"y":422,"width":484,"height":11}},{"id":"5b194a57-a858-433a-86c8-708c8b886475","block_type":"box","text":"XObject that hasn’t arrived yet, skip over it. Whenever there is a reference to","page_number":265,"box":{"x":379,"y":437,"width":496,"height":11}},{"id":"6014da21-ba95-4040-baac-23d115b9ce1c","block_type":"box","text":"a font whose definition is an embedded","page_number":265,"box":{"x":380,"y":452,"width":255,"height":9}},{"id":"83a33535-d9a8-438c-97ac-63b9c1260c08","block_type":"box","text":"FontFile","page_number":265,"box":{"x":640,"y":452,"width":62,"height":9}},{"id":"5aa52a6c-a04c-47e4-953c-0854b2234a3c","block_type":"box","text":"that hasn’t arrived yet,","page_number":265,"box":{"x":707,"y":452,"width":144,"height":11}},{"id":"2b2db81b-caeb-4295-a4a4-bb0e4605aae8","block_type":"box","text":"draw the text using a substitute font (if that is possible).","page_number":265,"box":{"x":379,"y":467,"width":362,"height":12}},{"id":"7a2f4230-83b2-40b5-9ce9-4e7389878715","block_type":"box","text":"3. Draw the annotations.","page_number":265,"box":{"x":360,"y":496,"width":161,"height":9}},{"id":"e520010b-7814-45eb-bce2-fa1c6e21d95e","block_type":"box","text":"4. Draw the images, together with anything that overlaps them.","page_number":265,"box":{"x":360,"y":525,"width":412,"height":12}},{"id":"707f4e9d-9a0b-4886-9442-13113fea978a","block_type":"box","text":"5. Once the embedded font definitions have arrived, redraw the text using the","page_number":265,"box":{"x":360,"y":554,"width":505,"height":12}},{"id":"1b5ba57c-6173-415d-a909-2c882b0c812b","block_type":"box","text":"correct fonts, together with anything that overlaps the text.","page_number":265,"box":{"x":379,"y":570,"width":381,"height":11}},{"id":"12643dce-66f0-400a-b189-99794394da46","block_type":"box","text":"(The last two steps should be done using an off-screen buffer, if possible, to avoid","page_number":265,"box":{"x":341,"y":599,"width":532,"height":11}},{"id":"eea9a676-e48a-477e-bf10-47918641c0e8","block_type":"box","text":"objectionable flashing during the redraw process.)","page_number":265,"box":{"x":340,"y":614,"width":325,"height":11}},{"id":"a14bb3be-83a4-4112-98b7-6428c8a839c0","block_type":"box","text":"9.5.5 Following an article thread","page_number":265,"box":{"x":284,"y":649,"width":262,"height":11}},{"id":"426a5e26-8aaf-4e65-9698-e580e2628ff4","block_type":"box","text":"As indicated earlier, the bead objects for any article thread that visits a given page","page_number":265,"box":{"x":340,"y":681,"width":533,"height":11}},{"id":"bb1a78f1-e319-4ccb-9f3e-8a4a7b922980","block_type":"box","text":"are located with that page. This enables the bead rectangles to be activated and","page_number":265,"box":{"x":340,"y":696,"width":513,"height":11}},{"id":"3417de83-5b9b-443b-a04d-9e5e92d004f1","block_type":"box","text":"proper cursor feedback to be shown.","page_number":265,"box":{"x":340,"y":711,"width":236,"height":11}},{"id":"f358e459-8875-4cac-98f4-0cfaa3f282bb","block_type":"box","text":"If the user follows a thread, the viewer can obtain the object number from the","page_number":265,"box":{"x":340,"y":740,"width":504,"height":11}},{"id":"f46e06db-3ba5-4318-ba02-9daac5b84d86","block_type":"box","text":"N","page_number":265,"box":{"x":850,"y":740,"width":9,"height":9}},{"id":"3c033153-6a7b-47ab-b39d-aaab9eb27b0f","block_type":"box","text":"(Next) or","page_number":265,"box":{"x":341,"y":755,"width":59,"height":11}},{"id":"434edf69-4b1f-4d69-9514-713c8acc7211","block_type":"box","text":"P","page_number":265,"box":{"x":405,"y":755,"width":9,"height":9}},{"id":"f8ec091e-e2b4-4dd4-991b-f89b33053e9f","block_type":"box","text":"(Prev) attribute of the bead. This identifies a target bead object, which","page_number":265,"box":{"x":420,"y":755,"width":454,"height":12}},{"id":"3e640818-60cc-444b-965d-35ee2977b4f5","block_type":"box","text":"is co-located with the page to which it belongs. Given this object number, the","page_number":265,"box":{"x":340,"y":770,"width":504,"height":12}},{"id":"7945bdb0-a889-4dbc-8c01-e8bf8702100c","block_type":"box","text":"viewer can perform a binary search in the Page Offset hint table to determine","page_number":265,"box":{"x":340,"y":786,"width":502,"height":11}},{"id":"fb624cd1-9c1c-4ea5-ba71-8af8e4fe219d","block_type":"box","text":"which page. It can then go to that page, as discussed in","page_number":265,"box":{"x":340,"y":801,"width":357,"height":11}},{"id":"4c319754-d4bc-4671-a906-b9e321540fda","block_type":"box","text":"Section 9.5.3,","page_number":265,"box":{"x":702,"y":801,"width":89,"height":10}},{"id":"7a7d784c-3414-4cc2-b769-5744f4d5293e","block_type":"box","text":"“Going to","page_number":265,"box":{"x":796,"y":801,"width":64,"height":11}},{"id":"fce6c38e-e530-4dbc-97a9-d97d5a7d21d2","block_type":"box","text":"another pa","page_number":265,"box":{"x":340,"y":816,"width":68,"height":11}},{"id":"ee3c92ee-be28-465b-a0d7-2928bd2927cc","block_type":"box","text":"g","page_number":265,"box":{"x":409,"y":819,"width":7,"height":8}},{"id":"bdded1a4-7e10-4fd3-99ef-0bafa3321829","block_type":"box","text":"e of an open document","page_number":265,"box":{"x":417,"y":816,"width":148,"height":11}},{"id":"fe48204a-91b4-4d9d-81d5-70d50b21ebf9","block_type":"box","text":".”","page_number":265,"box":{"x":566,"y":816,"width":9,"height":9}},{"id":"a57ee8a5-5502-435c-800a-8315a62806c9","block_type":"box","text":"9: Linearized PDF November 12, 1996","page_number":266,"box":{"x":145,"y":18,"width":437,"height":11}},{"id":"14214ade-5d48-4975-b990-41464487020b","block_type":"box","text":"268 Adobe Systems Inc.","page_number":266,"box":{"x":144,"y":905,"width":432,"height":11}},{"id":"9e10a93d-3d7d-4762-a87f-a408877506e0","block_type":"box","text":"9.5.6 Accessing an updated file","page_number":266,"box":{"x":284,"y":86,"width":257,"height":12}},{"id":"0d98b170-e7af-49c5-9a95-3b988b3d0b1b","block_type":"box","text":"As stated earlier, if a linearized PDF file subsequently has an incremental update","page_number":266,"box":{"x":340,"y":119,"width":525,"height":11}},{"id":"14ca1467-c47d-4e3e-9f7a-c018cc459080","block_type":"box","text":"appended to it, the linearization and hints are no longer valid. Actually, this is not","page_number":266,"box":{"x":340,"y":134,"width":530,"height":11}},{"id":"a56b8c7a-fd9d-4b0b-a799-4accae6be193","block_type":"box","text":"necessarily true, but the viewer must do some additional work to validate them.","page_number":266,"box":{"x":340,"y":149,"width":516,"height":11}},{"id":"0ccd3db7-fed3-4a1a-b70b-45d955ae5b35","block_type":"box","text":"When the viewer sees that the file is longer than the length given in the","page_number":266,"box":{"x":340,"y":178,"width":462,"height":11}},{"id":"90b23344-964f-466b-8fa4-f9a66e669736","block_type":"box","text":"Linearized","page_number":266,"box":{"x":341,"y":193,"width":79,"height":9}},{"id":"5d78d6ff-2d9b-4671-beb9-e5a3ec6d2586","block_type":"box","text":"dictionary, it must issue an additional transaction to read everything","page_number":266,"box":{"x":425,"y":193,"width":441,"height":11}},{"id":"013c92c1-8b6b-4f99-9684-984a720be889","block_type":"box","text":"that was appended. It must then analyze the objects in that update to see if any of","page_number":266,"box":{"x":340,"y":208,"width":529,"height":12}},{"id":"e703ade6-9a1f-45ae-b611-e88a22c1fce8","block_type":"box","text":"them modifies objects that are in the first page or that are the targets of hints. If so,","page_number":266,"box":{"x":340,"y":223,"width":534,"height":12}},{"id":"82fbb533-2f6d-4ff6-aa18-fd94c7196260","block_type":"box","text":"it must augment its internal data structures as necessary to take the updates into","page_number":266,"box":{"x":340,"y":239,"width":518,"height":11}},{"id":"70f6677d-4e5f-4f06-ac2e-0e9def63b445","block_type":"box","text":"account.","page_number":266,"box":{"x":340,"y":255,"width":54,"height":7}},{"id":"b0fe5f5f-1e1c-41a6-acdb-698d0c8f761f","block_type":"box","text":"For a PDF file that has received only a small update, this approach may be","page_number":266,"box":{"x":340,"y":283,"width":484,"height":11}},{"id":"a7441948-631d-4d65-9dc8-ded550f53672","block_type":"box","text":"worthwhile. Accessing the file this way will be quicker than accessing it without","page_number":266,"box":{"x":340,"y":298,"width":524,"height":11}},{"id":"522e7361-b643-4666-b2fe-d898061c3266","block_type":"box","text":"hints or retrieving the entire file before displaying any of it.","page_number":266,"box":{"x":340,"y":313,"width":386,"height":11}},{"id":"e8c84e37-122c-403b-8d78-bb711c70a2a0","block_type":"box","text":"PDF 1.2 Reference Manual November 12, 1996 :","page_number":267,"box":{"x":145,"y":18,"width":732,"height":11}},{"id":"df1a3a17-e936-42b6-b305-76a92c57e96a","block_type":"box","text":"269","page_number":267,"box":{"x":852,"y":905,"width":26,"height":9}},{"id":"5e19711a-0f1e-439f-81b3-4e681335e1be","block_type":"box","text":"Section III","page_number":267,"box":{"x":390,"y":97,"width":254,"height":23}},{"id":"db7a55a1-5b2d-4020-9bb8-94d0da3d4527","block_type":"box","text":"Optimizing PDF Files","page_number":267,"box":{"x":391,"y":181,"width":388,"height":28}},{"id":"c77b0143-3188-43b6-94e1-7ebe58cdcdd5","block_type":"box","text":": November 12, 1996","page_number":268,"box":{"x":145,"y":18,"width":437,"height":11}},{"id":"59ec989a-2e0f-40ab-a958-cb6fa88114e0","block_type":"box","text":"270 Adobe Systems Inc.","page_number":268,"box":{"x":144,"y":905,"width":432,"height":11}},{"id":"59975c07-0253-4591-95e1-60e106a18d3f","block_type":"box","text":"PDF 1.2 Reference Manual November 12, 1996 10: General Techniques for Optimizing","page_number":269,"box":{"x":145,"y":18,"width":729,"height":12}},{"id":"514fdb8c-d7dc-49d2-9f4f-9582186e9583","block_type":"box","text":"271","page_number":269,"box":{"x":852,"y":905,"width":23,"height":9}},{"id":"ee47f401-d8b3-459f-bdce-46c9c2a8bcd2","block_type":"box","text":"CHAPTER","page_number":269,"box":{"x":390,"y":98,"width":85,"height":11}},{"id":"997ee167-6ca1-4964-9a2e-f4f2c9986c9c","block_type":"box","text":"10","page_number":269,"box":{"x":503,"y":92,"width":29,"height":17}},{"id":"69bd882d-ac0b-4fce-995c-46d4239deb5a","block_type":"box","text":"General Techniques for","page_number":269,"box":{"x":391,"y":148,"width":439,"height":28}},{"id":"c468c944-1d76-4e18-8294-cc1617f66615","block_type":"box","text":"Optimizing PDF Files","page_number":269,"box":{"x":391,"y":185,"width":388,"height":28}},{"id":"22937225-1f42-4973-aa44-8170443af9cd","block_type":"box","text":"The first section of this book describes the syntax allowed in a PDF file. In many","page_number":269,"box":{"x":340,"y":269,"width":527,"height":11}},{"id":"31ab17e1-1ad9-432c-9460-16e64d910cb6","block_type":"box","text":"cases there is more than one way to represent a particular construct, and the","page_number":269,"box":{"x":340,"y":284,"width":493,"height":11}},{"id":"1c302dea-19ca-48d9-8668-e2a693c72424","block_type":"box","text":"previous chapters do not indicate which alternative is preferred. This section","page_number":269,"box":{"x":340,"y":299,"width":497,"height":12}},{"id":"b6cc5612-395c-4176-82c4-0f3068d6de3f","block_type":"box","text":"describes techniques to optimize PDF files. Most optimizations reduce the size of a","page_number":269,"box":{"x":340,"y":314,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"9a9eaa62-5ca9-4f54-8a9b-d4298edb2867","block_type":"box","text":"PDF file, reduce the amount of memory needed to display pages, or improve the","page_number":269,"box":{"x":340,"y":330,"width":523,"height":11}},{"id":"d1744021-db5e-456a-a669-77216364dad2","block_type":"box","text":"speed with which pages are drawn. Some optimizations, such as sharing of","page_number":269,"box":{"x":341,"y":345,"width":488,"height":11}},{"id":"eb3bbca1-343a-43ae-96c6-e53eb0b75d8b","block_type":"box","text":"resources, allow a viewer application to display a document when it may not have","page_number":269,"box":{"x":340,"y":360,"width":533,"height":11}},{"id":"c8e77ebc-af8c-41a4-a7db-f951bddce477","block_type":"box","text":"otherwise been possible in low memory situations. A few optimizations improve","page_number":269,"box":{"x":340,"y":375,"width":524,"height":11}},{"id":"f5352bfd-8fd5-45ae-9940-d073b6f1950f","block_type":"box","text":"the appearance of pages.","page_number":269,"box":{"x":340,"y":390,"width":159,"height":12}},{"id":"a6fde97b-eba0-43cd-8049-01aea21ef383","block_type":"box","text":"This chapter contains techniques that can be generally applied to PDF files.","page_number":269,"box":{"x":340,"y":419,"width":490,"height":12}},{"id":"71941a1a-96c1-44f9-9d3e-7c44b2f758b3","block_type":"box","text":"Following chapters discuss optimizations specifically for text, graphics, and","page_number":269,"box":{"x":340,"y":434,"width":494,"height":12}},{"id":"c2338358-b5d8-42b5-8b6f-5074bfed6388","block_type":"box","text":"images.","page_number":269,"box":{"x":340,"y":450,"width":49,"height":11}},{"id":"4fde639b-60fd-4130-80bf-d597f7b62446","block_type":"box","text":"While it may not be possible to take advantage of all the techniques described here,","page_number":269,"box":{"x":340,"y":479,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"9d8bf559-25c3-48e8-a14b-fcfd10af31ca","block_type":"box","text":"it is worth taking more time producing a PDF file to improve its viewing","page_number":269,"box":{"x":340,"y":494,"width":472,"height":11}},{"id":"f0b23fa9-d9bd-4b73-84d3-03e36d7e7288","block_type":"box","text":"performance. A PDF file will be produced only once but may be viewed many","page_number":269,"box":{"x":340,"y":509,"width":509,"height":11}},{"id":"63eeff2c-198c-443e-991a-da4f24f9a1f9","block_type":"box","text":"times.","page_number":269,"box":{"x":340,"y":524,"width":38,"height":9}},{"id":"c7e7c9c6-805e-4090-9790-ae35cd1a4050","block_type":"box","text":"File size is a good gauge of the level of optimization, but of course the most","page_number":269,"box":{"x":340,"y":553,"width":495,"height":11}},{"id":"3d2d24ea-84c9-4c7a-9e04-c76a70a9d143","block_type":"box","text":"accurate measure is the time it takes to view and print the pages of a document.","page_number":269,"box":{"x":340,"y":568,"width":516,"height":12}},{"id":"c80a37fe-7783-4173-8f4a-d3cf75d0d7cf","block_type":"box","text":"10.1 Use short names","page_number":269,"box":{"x":284,"y":621,"width":213,"height":11}},{"id":"8cad4f06-4b6e-4572-9922-46d360fad58a","block_type":"box","text":"Names in PDF files specify resources, including fonts, forms, images, and other","page_number":269,"box":{"x":340,"y":655,"width":521,"height":12}},{"id":"42fd7bd1-19cc-455e-a2e5-4ac4fe05c20f","block_type":"box","text":"objects. Whenever a name is used, it should contain as few characters as possible.","page_number":269,"box":{"x":340,"y":671,"width":531,"height":11}},{"id":"8d029d23-3ff9-4ace-bd6b-4937c4917329","block_type":"box","text":"This minimizes the space needed to store references to the object.","page_number":269,"box":{"x":340,"y":686,"width":427,"height":11}},{"id":"78dffe62-140b-4b1f-9672-db22ff01a34f","block_type":"box","text":"Instead of specifying a name as:","page_number":269,"box":{"x":340,"y":715,"width":208,"height":11}},{"id":"dc42e30f-aeff-4996-800a-71db829520e7","block_type":"box","text":"/FirstFontInPage4","page_number":269,"box":{"x":381,"y":744,"width":155,"height":10}},{"id":"8316f57a-6095-4667-aaee-50782603ef26","block_type":"box","text":"/SecondImageInPage8","page_number":269,"box":{"x":381,"y":761,"width":174,"height":10}},{"id":"df2b4e2b-a492-499d-940d-8f03225c9c76","block_type":"box","text":"use names such as:","page_number":269,"box":{"x":340,"y":793,"width":122,"height":9}},{"id":"e74b3e69-fd2f-48be-9a5b-a6a4e7571775","block_type":"box","text":"/F1","page_number":269,"box":{"x":381,"y":823,"width":25,"height":9}},{"id":"85b521bb-aae1-44e3-9550-ba4f441d0f02","block_type":"box","text":"/Im8","page_number":269,"box":{"x":381,"y":839,"width":34,"height":9}},{"id":"12806aef-2012-42dd-bf25-7abb1c1ab0e4","block_type":"box","text":"10: General Techniques for Optimizing PDF FilesNovember 12, 1996","page_number":270,"box":{"x":146,"y":18,"width":501,"height":12}},{"id":"129b2c88-b233-4aee-8fad-46d009f4a706","block_type":"box","text":"272 Adobe Systems Inc.","page_number":270,"box":{"x":144,"y":905,"width":432,"height":11}},{"id":"a31cf5c2-b234-448a-b215-df43da60154a","block_type":"box","text":"Resource names need not be unique throughout a document. The names of","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":87,"width":487,"height":11}},{"id":"7d4e8333-3e87-4701-b29c-9fb303c9e25f","block_type":"box","text":"resource objects must be unique within a given resource type within a single","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":102,"width":498,"height":12}},{"id":"09ea5389-7bf1-44ee-a053-b42c6cd7b7e7","block_type":"box","text":"marking context. For example, the names of all fonts on a page must be unique.","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":117,"width":518,"height":12}},{"id":"4b69c80a-a7f3-4e47-9997-0104e3608d45","block_type":"box","text":"10.2 Use direct and indirect objects appropriately","page_number":270,"box":{"x":284,"y":170,"width":470,"height":14}},{"id":"011ca722-01da-45fe-9945-3064da43fa6f","block_type":"box","text":"As mentioned in","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":204,"width":108,"height":9}},{"id":"fed865d8-c5fd-4f6c-9c94-62ebb370e95e","block_type":"box","text":"Cha","page_number":270,"box":{"x":452,"y":204,"width":26,"height":9}},{"id":"79460ca1-c532-4c6e-98b4-e482571ea594","block_type":"box","text":"pter 4","page_number":270,"box":{"x":478,"y":205,"width":37,"height":11}},{"id":"0d35ebc4-535c-4db7-8c8e-f3b65c0b1ada","block_type":"box","text":", objects contained in composite objects such as arrays","page_number":270,"box":{"x":517,"y":204,"width":354,"height":12}},{"id":"84be8659-2dfd-4f0a-84c1-8a695ea8f108","block_type":"box","text":"and dictionaries may either be specified directly in the composite object or be","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":220,"width":506,"height":11}},{"id":"7b4a6c2a-b85c-4b27-8c73-4344c863fec1","block_type":"box","text":"referred to indirectly. Using indirect objects frequently improves performance and","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":235,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"4a3aeb84-ffcb-432c-a16f-004c59eb1888","block_type":"box","text":"reduces the size of a PDF file. In addition, programs that produce PDF files","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":250,"width":490,"height":11}},{"id":"065e417f-4477-442f-b788-cd9f4081cf86","block_type":"box","text":"sometimes must write a reference to an object into a PDF file before the object’s","page_number":270,"box":{"x":341,"y":265,"width":522,"height":11}},{"id":"e3ae4e33-9dfb-4af1-8df9-372316c095eb","block_type":"box","text":"value is known. Indirect objects are useful in this situation.","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":280,"width":383,"height":12}},{"id":"e9873e4d-d796-4560-aa08-5a1398167f51","block_type":"box","text":"10.2.1 Minimizing object size","page_number":270,"box":{"x":276,"y":315,"width":236,"height":12}},{"id":"22a4af33-5581-4fe6-b465-7b0cee136ca3","block_type":"box","text":"Although PDF allows random access to objects in a file, it does not permit random","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":347,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"8a302494-1a6e-4590-b0f3-40ec72ba8dc2","block_type":"box","text":"access to the substructure that may be present in a single object, such as the","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":362,"width":492,"height":12}},{"id":"dc0acfd8-9482-4fdc-b34d-ff22cc42ead4","block_type":"box","text":"individual key–value pairs in a dictionary object. If a PDF viewer application","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":378,"width":503,"height":11}},{"id":"37954a40-a89f-4f16-bffa-0d45558e266f","block_type":"box","text":"needs to access a particular piece of information contained in an object, it reads the","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":393,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"935853ae-a26f-49f4-a1e0-01675dcbeceb","block_type":"box","text":"entire object. However, if it encounters an indirect object reference, it will not read","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":408,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"038d1854-b8ad-4834-a55e-c19d2c336c5d","block_type":"box","text":"the indirect object until needed. Using indirect objects minimizes the amount of","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":423,"width":521,"height":11}},{"id":"5ae16ab5-87d7-4edb-9977-3a0280c2d34c","block_type":"box","text":"extra data a PDF viewer application must read before locating the desired","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":438,"width":479,"height":12}},{"id":"3e04a2d6-44de-4e0f-b18c-c7fd425319cb","block_type":"box","text":"information.","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":453,"width":80,"height":9}},{"id":"02f1249f-5ab9-4d78-a91c-800022a86736","block_type":"box","text":"As an example, if a PDF viewer application needs to obtain the PostScript","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":482,"width":483,"height":12}},{"id":"1e8e0b4b-d6ad-4342-80bb-09fa28767f15","block_type":"box","text":"language name of a font, it must search the appropriate Font dictionary object. If","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":498,"width":527,"height":11}},{"id":"cbc1758c-8944-40d8-af73-8100acc7ebd0","block_type":"box","text":"(in that dictionary object) the","page_number":270,"box":{"x":341,"y":513,"width":189,"height":11}},{"id":"f48cfc38-b587-4c7c-a346-86ae15aedd85","block_type":"box","text":"Widths","page_number":270,"box":{"x":533,"y":512,"width":54,"height":9}},{"id":"d8e9766a-b673-481c-a054-7216707892ad","block_type":"box","text":"array is specified directly, the application","page_number":270,"box":{"x":592,"y":513,"width":268,"height":11}},{"id":"02656ecf-5045-4187-b383-fc745a40f0ec","block_type":"box","text":"must read the entire array. If the","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":528,"width":205,"height":11}},{"id":"1fe865a2-4736-48ca-94d6-b491d2fe8dd0","block_type":"box","text":"Widths","page_number":270,"box":{"x":548,"y":527,"width":53,"height":10}},{"id":"3d037e20-4a85-4767-bc49-51c6ff6a1639","block_type":"box","text":"array is specified by an indirect reference,","page_number":270,"box":{"x":606,"y":528,"width":268,"height":11}},{"id":"4d13524f-7178-4c93-a57c-520e432075c4","block_type":"box","text":"the application only needs to read the few bytes that specify the indirect reference","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":543,"width":533,"height":11}},{"id":"fe8201c8-d0d0-42f6-9fb1-15ffb30273f0","block_type":"box","text":"and can avoid reading the","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":558,"width":167,"height":12}},{"id":"0bc8c5d6-2b25-40ee-a664-6dfb402aa5e4","block_type":"box","text":"Widths","page_number":270,"box":{"x":510,"y":558,"width":54,"height":9}},{"id":"af83bad5-8689-4e0c-9352-07fb529df4a9","block_type":"box","text":"array itself.","page_number":270,"box":{"x":569,"y":558,"width":72,"height":12}},{"id":"cc093c9d-ba7f-4855-b07e-eb770dced222","block_type":"box","text":"In general, using indirect references improves the performance of a PDF file.","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":587,"width":500,"height":12}},{"id":"78a95fe9-ebff-4d0d-8526-adef221ac48d","block_type":"box","text":"However, there is some overhead associated with locating an indirect object, and","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":602,"width":526,"height":12}},{"id":"c95452ef-3163-4099-9254-8b85b40e46f5","block_type":"box","text":"an indirect object takes up more space than a direct object in a PDF file. Because of","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":618,"width":536,"height":11}},{"id":"51b2f6f5-9f22-4431-9ad3-90246d0c1d6a","block_type":"box","text":"this, small objects should not be specified indirectly. A rough rule of thumb is that","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":633,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"e40d981e-8a92-4074-8af5-9a60e27de241","block_type":"box","text":"arrays with more than five elements and dictionaries with more than three key–","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":648,"width":516,"height":11}},{"id":"6c752bc2-690f-4ff3-9500-26ccd6d798eb","block_type":"box","text":"value pairs should be stored as indirect objects.","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":663,"width":307,"height":11}},{"id":"015e6876-f77b-4cd6-8f7c-9066028fe836","block_type":"box","text":"10.2.2 Sharing objects","page_number":270,"box":{"x":276,"y":698,"width":186,"height":12}},{"id":"3e1a9037-2704-4ce0-b329-e8701f763bea","block_type":"box","text":"Indirect objects can be referred to from more than one location in a file. Because of","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":730,"width":536,"height":11}},{"id":"f7b68ab2-3e55-490e-a06d-0ce10ca0cf4d","block_type":"box","text":"this, using indirect objects can decrease the size of a PDF file by defining an object","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":745,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"5223344e-80a7-468f-8fd7-e9ae83ea5a3a","block_type":"box","text":"only once and making multiple references to it.","page_number":270,"box":{"x":340,"y":760,"width":307,"height":12}},{"id":"8ebabe6c-cb1c-4141-b6fc-6aa024f95271","block_type":"box","text":"As an example, suppose each page in a document require the same ProcSets. 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Some operators in the table require one or more","page_number":271,"box":{"x":340,"y":372,"width":495,"height":12}},{"id":"bd85417b-762a-4b61-aea0-267e4891760c","block_type":"box","text":"operands; the operands have been omitted from the table.","page_number":271,"box":{"x":340,"y":388,"width":372,"height":11}},{"id":"c5c894b3-70b9-4fe3-bcd3-40174f5302d0","block_type":"box","text":"Table 10.1","page_number":271,"box":{"x":340,"y":417,"width":71,"height":9}},{"id":"9b072df1-19d3-4bc7-911f-12e3d7cc2e12","block_type":"box","text":"Optimized operator combinations","page_number":271,"box":{"x":423,"y":417,"width":219,"height":11}},{"id":"56b0f9ce-98ea-4423-9813-e5da12ced051","block_type":"box","text":"Use… Instead of…","page_number":271,"box":{"x":341,"y":445,"width":252,"height":10}},{"id":"6555d1f4-4d57-4291-85d6-27f55438a3f9","block_type":"box","text":"s h S","page_number":271,"box":{"x":340,"y":473,"width":191,"height":9}},{"id":"675d0b63-b441-4081-b94a-40e6f7e4e61b","block_type":"box","text":"b h B","page_number":271,"box":{"x":341,"y":496,"width":191,"height":9}},{"id":"66db0292-2d49-4da9-bc79-ca8990b88e4e","block_type":"box","text":"TD Td TL","page_number":271,"box":{"x":340,"y":519,"width":209,"height":9}},{"id":"b1a59e7b-d567-4bc9-89fb-68e9f5d5f400","block_type":"box","text":"TJ","page_number":271,"box":{"x":340,"y":541,"width":18,"height":10}},{"id":"0d84daa0-8a87-4fec-86cf-150ec9e59492","block_type":"box","text":"Repeated series of","page_number":271,"box":{"x":507,"y":542,"width":120,"height":11}},{"id":"41149af5-cfc1-47b0-b515-66b7b49235b6","block_type":"box","text":"Tj","page_number":271,"box":{"x":629,"y":541,"width":14,"height":12}},{"id":"6f91c96b-0ce4-45f9-be27-3ce2945fc2d1","block_type":"box","text":"and","page_number":271,"box":{"x":648,"y":542,"width":23,"height":9}},{"id":"5239637a-e7ea-4853-a662-89441bb31197","block_type":"box","text":"Td","page_number":271,"box":{"x":674,"y":541,"width":19,"height":10}},{"id":"a79c0ce7-0414-45a9-a062-797aeb05f67a","block_type":"box","text":"operators","page_number":271,"box":{"x":698,"y":543,"width":60,"height":10}},{"id":"ae3498b5-2beb-4963-b8eb-d739b85db979","block_type":"box","text":"' Td Tj","page_number":271,"box":{"x":341,"y":564,"width":202,"height":12}},{"id":"2f066228-4d21-4e2c-965e-f670bfadd474","block_type":"box","text":"or","page_number":271,"box":{"x":549,"y":567,"width":13,"height":6}},{"id":"ada2bafc-e7fe-420b-9188-4b217bb165f8","block_type":"box","text":"T* Tj","page_number":271,"box":{"x":565,"y":564,"width":33,"height":12}},{"id":"c10b4c7a-a66e-4e38-8923-b3eb1e93c11a","block_type":"box","text":"\" Tc Tw Td Tj","page_number":271,"box":{"x":341,"y":587,"width":249,"height":12}},{"id":"467557ed-e211-422e-b7a0-7734df9610b0","block_type":"box","text":"Note To both fill and stroke a path, the combination operators must be used. Using the","page_number":271,"box":{"x":289,"y":630,"width":579,"height":11}},{"id":"3b38810a-a563-4c95-95c7-46bb3324c80b","block_type":"box","text":"fill operator followed by the stroke operator does not work. The fill operator ends","page_number":271,"box":{"x":338,"y":645,"width":533,"height":12}},{"id":"5410b1a2-d7a4-4511-b9f8-45b60b12f68e","block_type":"box","text":"the path, leaving nothing for the stroke operator to stroke. Unlike the PostScript","page_number":271,"box":{"x":340,"y":661,"width":523,"height":11}},{"id":"c1578614-b2d6-465e-b072-0714eafb5d0a","block_type":"box","text":"language, PDF does not allow you to save the path, fill it, restore the path, and","page_number":271,"box":{"x":341,"y":676,"width":516,"height":11}},{"id":"6fe8eca8-8d37-4765-a00b-f25ac0516cef","block_type":"box","text":"stroke it, because the current path is not part of the PDF graphics state.","page_number":271,"box":{"x":340,"y":691,"width":468,"height":11}},{"id":"32e29017-5ca4-4fbc-a7be-286e92efca97","block_type":"box","text":"10.4 Remove unnecessary clipping paths","page_number":271,"box":{"x":284,"y":743,"width":394,"height":14}},{"id":"81be9571-c5fe-42fb-a5ea-a3bc6dd9a6b9","block_type":"box","text":"Whenever anything is drawn on a page, all marks are made inside the current","page_number":271,"box":{"x":340,"y":778,"width":503,"height":11}},{"id":"0b8764b0-345a-42aa-8d0a-a6745a6e5f37","block_type":"box","text":"clipping path. When a clipping path other than the default (the crop box) is","page_number":271,"box":{"x":340,"y":793,"width":487,"height":12}},{"id":"c3c38b0a-b09f-46c7-afda-8015ee375c1c","block_type":"box","text":"specified, rendering speed is reduced. If a portion of a page requires the use of a","page_number":271,"box":{"x":341,"y":808,"width":521,"height":12}},{"id":"500b89e0-371e-487c-8089-6fc63d599063","block_type":"box","text":"clipping path other than the default, the default clipping path should be restored as","page_number":271,"box":{"x":340,"y":823,"width":534,"height":12}},{"id":"976fdc2a-a9a2-47bf-8b58-c64bf2d836cb","block_type":"box","text":"soon as possible. Text, graphics, and images are all clipped to the current clipping","page_number":271,"box":{"x":341,"y":839,"width":532,"height":11}},{"id":"83740fa6-9ad5-4d1d-93f6-51e2f45fb302","block_type":"box","text":"path, so it is important for the performance of all three to not use unnecessary","page_number":271,"box":{"x":340,"y":854,"width":506,"height":11}},{"id":"21677da0-bd9c-4b68-84fd-2efd8eeb3b8e","block_type":"box","text":"clipping paths.","page_number":271,"box":{"x":340,"y":869,"width":95,"height":11}},{"id":"20a1ea87-aa20-481a-9a3d-f15ff0a0250b","block_type":"box","text":"10: General Techniques for Optimizing PDF FilesNovember 12, 1996","page_number":272,"box":{"x":146,"y":18,"width":501,"height":12}},{"id":"c1b5ca4a-e0cb-4986-ad65-323f3e88a78b","block_type":"box","text":"274 Adobe Systems Inc.","page_number":272,"box":{"x":144,"y":905,"width":432,"height":11}},{"id":"2df78935-e9ed-4775-a904-79c7bf4b8952","block_type":"box","text":"Restoration of a clipping path can be accomplished by saving the graphics state","page_number":272,"box":{"x":340,"y":87,"width":518,"height":11}},{"id":"b271b8a6-f8f4-4c1c-a262-43f4e6ca977a","block_type":"box","text":"(which includes the clipping path) using the","page_number":272,"box":{"x":341,"y":102,"width":285,"height":12}},{"id":"e4cb9194-5472-494f-b255-95a164d8848f","block_type":"box","text":"q","page_number":272,"box":{"x":631,"y":104,"width":9,"height":9}},{"id":"92ece381-b422-4f39-b76c-759d4e21a853","block_type":"box","text":"operator before setting the new","page_number":272,"box":{"x":645,"y":102,"width":202,"height":12}},{"id":"3f26d931-91ac-45cb-8ff9-7d654f784836","block_type":"box","text":"clipping path, and subsequently using the","page_number":272,"box":{"x":340,"y":117,"width":270,"height":12}},{"id":"85a84547-eb8d-4c4f-b715-55d9e36c76f7","block_type":"box","text":"Q","page_number":272,"box":{"x":615,"y":117,"width":11,"height":10}},{"id":"959bee36-527c-4140-a960-299866885e96","block_type":"box","text":"operator to restore the previous","page_number":272,"box":{"x":631,"y":117,"width":203,"height":12}},{"id":"c0bbf112-adfd-4258-bc09-c56f9123e9c6","block_type":"box","text":"clipping path as soon as the new clipping path is no longer needed.","page_number":272,"box":{"x":340,"y":132,"width":435,"height":12}},{"id":"9a8b7c76-d128-4cad-b12d-644f157e0481","block_type":"box","text":"Note Remember that the","page_number":272,"box":{"x":289,"y":162,"width":174,"height":8}},{"id":"3143934e-64e3-4afd-89de-1a8c4e8a130e","block_type":"box","text":"Q","page_number":272,"box":{"x":468,"y":161,"width":11,"height":10}},{"id":"29f5c00d-855e-460f-bb5e-31efee70e2a5","block_type":"box","text":"operator restores more than just the clipping path. See","page_number":272,"box":{"x":484,"y":162,"width":356,"height":11}},{"id":"b78c2820-1b80-49c9-93f4-b0151eac018a","block_type":"box","text":"Section 8.3.2, “Special Graphics State operators","page_number":272,"box":{"x":340,"y":177,"width":319,"height":11}},{"id":"f63be253-78c6-408a-bde7-93f80624ca3f","block_type":"box","text":"” for a list of the graphics state","page_number":272,"box":{"x":662,"y":177,"width":202,"height":11}},{"id":"dbb5a0e5-b193-4478-a048-604fe7905e27","block_type":"box","text":"parameters restored by the","page_number":272,"box":{"x":339,"y":192,"width":176,"height":11}},{"id":"b2c84697-c320-4bc6-b9c8-121c68bc8069","block_type":"box","text":"Q","page_number":272,"box":{"x":520,"y":191,"width":11,"height":10}},{"id":"e059a53a-536f-4e2d-ada8-43527c92068e","block_type":"box","text":"operator.","page_number":272,"box":{"x":536,"y":194,"width":57,"height":9}},{"id":"6931cd34-8a71-4c61-98b2-cc9eeaf69ebc","block_type":"box","text":"10.5 Omit unnecessary spaces","page_number":272,"box":{"x":284,"y":244,"width":297,"height":14}},{"id":"505827c3-e60b-4be8-bb47-0cd57b77aec5","block_type":"box","text":"Spaces are unnecessary before (, after ), and before and after [ and ]. This slightly","page_number":272,"box":{"x":341,"y":279,"width":530,"height":11}},{"id":"deab4351-dbed-4ffb-b40b-889aac55ee7f","block_type":"box","text":"reduces the size of files.","page_number":272,"box":{"x":340,"y":294,"width":155,"height":9}},{"id":"4553f156-f5f7-43dc-ae34-0b4a73fe2799","block_type":"box","text":"10.6 Omit default values","page_number":272,"box":{"x":284,"y":347,"width":236,"height":11}},{"id":"3e0f558a-6029-4ee4-aed1-be36c8c2d107","block_type":"box","text":"A number of the parameters that affect drawing have default values that are","page_number":272,"box":{"x":340,"y":381,"width":491,"height":12}},{"id":"85aaf8aa-a256-4ff4-bd2e-61754079b420","block_type":"box","text":"initialized at the start of every page. (See","page_number":272,"box":{"x":340,"y":396,"width":266,"height":12}},{"id":"f1af227e-b16b-4217-a95a-2b16ae597ed4","block_type":"box","text":"Cha","page_number":272,"box":{"x":611,"y":396,"width":26,"height":9}},{"id":"fb086ea3-c9cb-4af5-9526-e7bc0d1e0a98","block_type":"box","text":"pter 8","page_number":272,"box":{"x":637,"y":397,"width":37,"height":11}},{"id":"7b33b5fe-d7e6-4634-a620-b453fcecbb85","block_type":"box","text":".) For example, the default","page_number":272,"box":{"x":676,"y":396,"width":171,"height":12}},{"id":"ef23b41b-d377-445a-b4cd-61a6edb624a4","block_type":"box","text":"stroke and fill colors are both black. When drawing, do not explicitly set a drawing","page_number":272,"box":{"x":341,"y":412,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"2843473e-2de9-450d-8ca8-16461b175adf","block_type":"box","text":"parameter unless the default value is not the desired value.","page_number":272,"box":{"x":340,"y":427,"width":380,"height":11}},{"id":"9ec61153-e231-4bcd-848b-780daf20f59f","block_type":"box","text":"Similarly, many PDF objects are represented by dictionaries and some of the keys","page_number":272,"box":{"x":341,"y":456,"width":532,"height":11}},{"id":"69456e58-d44d-4085-aee3-4a9631c938c6","block_type":"box","text":"in these dictionaries have default values. Omit any keys whose default value is the","page_number":272,"box":{"x":340,"y":471,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"43214f42-adc7-4ed8-9912-fa2849700cc7","block_type":"box","text":"desired value.","page_number":272,"box":{"x":340,"y":486,"width":89,"height":9}},{"id":"e5a41499-1fab-419d-abbb-5ad775798d88","block_type":"box","text":"Omitting unnecessary key–value pairs and graphics and text state operators","page_number":272,"box":{"x":340,"y":515,"width":490,"height":12}},{"id":"b74fb5ea-38d7-4a09-8ae2-b38ffa698c9d","block_type":"box","text":"reduces the size of a PDF file and the time needed to process it.","page_number":272,"box":{"x":340,"y":530,"width":412,"height":12}},{"id":"5b4974d4-fc45-4cbb-b59a-3a6d06c5710a","block_type":"box","text":"10.7 Take advantage of forms","page_number":272,"box":{"x":284,"y":583,"width":283,"height":14}},{"id":"840ef1b3-e2aa-458b-9a48-8a3e63d3ac0a","block_type":"box","text":"PDF files may contain forms, which are arbitrary collections of PDF operators that","page_number":272,"box":{"x":340,"y":618,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"f2070d17-7fe0-48d3-81c7-005434a4d9fe","block_type":"box","text":"draw text, graphics, or images. The structure of a Form object is discussed in","page_number":272,"box":{"x":340,"y":633,"width":501,"height":11}},{"id":"38db788f-a35f-45f5-9902-0ee8cc880b18","block_type":"box","text":"Section 7.10,","page_number":272,"box":{"x":341,"y":648,"width":84,"height":10}},{"id":"1b64937d-d75c-4ebb-b695-d23cad80935c","block_type":"box","text":"“XObjects","page_number":272,"box":{"x":430,"y":648,"width":68,"height":11}},{"id":"13b0c599-6847-4800-b24b-a60072a95df5","block_type":"box","text":".” A Form object may be used to draw the same marks in","page_number":272,"box":{"x":500,"y":648,"width":368,"height":11}},{"id":"57d8ff38-a48e-43dc-9716-ab17c597015a","block_type":"box","text":"one or more locations on one or more pages.","page_number":272,"box":{"x":340,"y":663,"width":289,"height":11}},{"id":"8efe8b17-6fc8-47a8-974e-20666f92755e","block_type":"box","text":"Forms can be used, for example, to draw a logo, a heading for stationery, or a","page_number":272,"box":{"x":340,"y":692,"width":505,"height":11}},{"id":"05180a7e-eeec-4b2b-af64-bbee551a97bd","block_type":"box","text":"traditional form. The location and appearance of a form is controlled by the CTM","page_number":272,"box":{"x":340,"y":707,"width":531,"height":12}},{"id":"b6454ef5-98a7-43f6-965e-06f6c36bbd80","block_type":"box","text":"in effect when the form is drawn.","page_number":272,"box":{"x":340,"y":722,"width":215,"height":9}},{"id":"df132306-2915-4b6d-a725-24137a573996","block_type":"box","text":"The use of forms can reduce the size of a PDF file. In addition, forms that contain","page_number":272,"box":{"x":340,"y":751,"width":533,"height":11}},{"id":"4ce42076-998b-426a-903f-982ce069320f","block_type":"box","text":"an XUID can be cached by PDF viewer applications and PostScript printers,","page_number":272,"box":{"x":340,"y":767,"width":497,"height":11}},{"id":"1400cfd8-f4aa-47cf-bedf-2bb896a4f199","block_type":"box","text":"improving rendering speed if the form is used multiple times.","page_number":272,"box":{"x":340,"y":782,"width":399,"height":11}},{"id":"a40c7450-3a9a-40ab-9456-634c01f6174d","block_type":"box","text":"November 12, 1996 10.2.3","page_number":273,"box":{"x":441,"y":18,"width":437,"height":11}},{"id":"95e70525-5be5-4924-b82e-39b84433f130","block_type":"box","text":"10: General Techniques for Optimizing PDF Files 275","page_number":273,"box":{"x":461,"y":905,"width":417,"height":12}},{"id":"3ea2eeb7-7bce-49a3-9dc3-76eb24ec98a0","block_type":"box","text":"10.8 Limit the precision of real numbers","page_number":273,"box":{"x":284,"y":86,"width":381,"height":14}},{"id":"7bb78a22-2e25-4b8f-924a-ce1b23bc744b","block_type":"box","text":"The pixel size on most monitors is 1/72 of an inch, or 1 unit in default user space.","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":121,"width":531,"height":11}},{"id":"6b495bbe-1f29-41e1-94f0-4f9c873d0144","block_type":"box","text":"The dot size on printers and imagesetters generally ranges from 1/300 of an inch","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":136,"width":525,"height":12}},{"id":"701ed301-1c61-46e5-81d9-ca32152913c8","block_type":"box","text":"(.24 units) to 1/2400 of an inch (.03 units). For this range of devices, it suffices to","page_number":273,"box":{"x":341,"y":151,"width":529,"height":12}},{"id":"36906ce0-7e29-4313-afa3-1f3f4479cb49","block_type":"box","text":"store coordinates to two digits to the right of the decimal point. However, because","page_number":273,"box":{"x":341,"y":167,"width":532,"height":11}},{"id":"ce937ef6-0e1f-4510-ac3b-b6520c88d515","block_type":"box","text":"coordinates can be scaled, they should be written using more than two digits, but","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":182,"width":527,"height":11}},{"id":"9c1d3c8e-151f-46fc-9c3e-682a471fded5","block_type":"box","text":"generally not more than five. Acrobat Exchange and Acrobat Reader store numbers","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":197,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"1fcb03af-04ad-42f0-8aee-9104fd75d1e6","block_type":"box","text":"in a fixed format that allows 16 bits for a fraction, which is equivalent to four or","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":212,"width":520,"height":11}},{"id":"943b5abf-e472-4bf0-8395-64f59aba969f","block_type":"box","text":"five decimal places.","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":227,"width":128,"height":12}},{"id":"89b056c7-b557-40f5-8472-1c9080d21713","block_type":"box","text":"Most monitors and printers cannot produce more than 256 shades of a given color","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":256,"width":534,"height":12}},{"id":"cddb7922-d8d7-4fc1-9186-b00a5e2c5628","block_type":"box","text":"component. Color component values, which are numbers between 0 and 1, should","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":271,"width":534,"height":12}},{"id":"994ebf46-720a-4701-827c-070368ea9c63","block_type":"box","text":"not be written using more than four decimal places.","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":287,"width":335,"height":11}},{"id":"6ef7429f-7606-42c7-86fe-b8147690125d","block_type":"box","text":"10.9 Write parameters only when they change","page_number":273,"box":{"x":284,"y":339,"width":436,"height":14}},{"id":"f7de1f63-e08d-44b5-9ac4-ad588ef3993b","block_type":"box","text":"Graphics state operators should be written only when the corresponding graphics","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":374,"width":528,"height":11}},{"id":"653d5ece-a460-450c-814e-cf76aca92b50","block_type":"box","text":"state parameters change. Changes to graphics state parameters typically occur both","page_number":273,"box":{"x":341,"y":389,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"ba3a6bdc-cebf-47d2-8174-eb5df759d1d3","block_type":"box","text":"when the application explicitly changes them and when the graphics state is","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":404,"width":494,"height":11}},{"id":"e5c35303-7929-4ace-8de0-7170c706b96b","block_type":"box","text":"restored using the","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":419,"width":116,"height":12}},{"id":"ae5d1656-64ca-446e-8212-4a1561c4bf22","block_type":"box","text":"Q","page_number":273,"box":{"x":461,"y":419,"width":11,"height":9}},{"id":"13a5d649-f8b8-44d0-9035-e988d85df863","block_type":"box","text":"operator.","page_number":273,"box":{"x":478,"y":421,"width":56,"height":10}},{"id":"0b9407cc-8f1e-4488-810f-5c5af8a33161","block_type":"box","text":"When explicit changes are made to the value of a graphics state parameter, new","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":448,"width":517,"height":12}},{"id":"4295ebb3-e052-45b2-a294-d6870c354527","block_type":"box","text":"and old values of the parameter should be compared with the precision with which","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":463,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"581b51d8-2115-4858-9e24-b26651603515","block_type":"box","text":"they will be written, not their internal precision.","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":479,"width":311,"height":11}},{"id":"54d1affb-37d4-44ac-893b-a846e10ebb64","block_type":"box","text":"A pair of","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":508,"width":60,"height":11}},{"id":"8c93afd3-f0ef-48bf-9bd6-4bdb98c97531","block_type":"box","text":"q","page_number":273,"box":{"x":403,"y":509,"width":9,"height":10}},{"id":"6be82756-a753-4a58-964c-43a10bc88014","block_type":"box","text":"and","page_number":273,"box":{"x":418,"y":508,"width":22,"height":8}},{"id":"8edeebd0-0c63-45de-af8d-a581f576a67d","block_type":"box","text":"Q","page_number":273,"box":{"x":445,"y":507,"width":12,"height":10}},{"id":"3b3413bd-1098-4f1e-bd07-fb919a0f6de6","block_type":"box","text":"operators is commonly used to bracket a sequence of operators","page_number":273,"box":{"x":462,"y":508,"width":409,"height":11}},{"id":"334c4830-a68f-4944-876b-84409e637d49","block_type":"box","text":"that uses a non-default clipping path. The","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":523,"width":270,"height":11}},{"id":"ef97f6c0-4c0b-4e37-9444-66d5051a64ee","block_type":"box","text":"q","page_number":273,"box":{"x":615,"y":525,"width":8,"height":9}},{"id":"5f39f2c6-0021-45ce-94e4-7de0f930a538","block_type":"box","text":"operator saves the default clipping","page_number":273,"box":{"x":629,"y":523,"width":223,"height":11}},{"id":"13bc5542-2ca0-45f9-8663-2876bcf54681","block_type":"box","text":"path, and the","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":538,"width":83,"height":11}},{"id":"8b9e374f-9dc4-4a47-a6a6-329b53baeb47","block_type":"box","text":"Q","page_number":273,"box":{"x":429,"y":537,"width":11,"height":10}},{"id":"8487257a-3b71-4548-830f-28d78c25f5fe","block_type":"box","text":"operator discards the clipping path when it is no longer needed.","page_number":273,"box":{"x":445,"y":538,"width":412,"height":11}},{"id":"b2d91291-cb0b-4a6a-912e-9c773e1c21cb","block_type":"box","text":"However, the","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":553,"width":86,"height":11}},{"id":"baf3ad04-795c-4f9b-920c-68e0fb8238cf","block_type":"box","text":"q","page_number":273,"box":{"x":431,"y":555,"width":8,"height":9}},{"id":"64b5da7e-b599-4c09-9ff6-477382406162","block_type":"box","text":"and","page_number":273,"box":{"x":445,"y":553,"width":23,"height":9}},{"id":"3bcad6d0-5873-44e7-be38-549a8cf4069c","block_type":"box","text":"Q","page_number":273,"box":{"x":474,"y":553,"width":11,"height":9}},{"id":"a83d2694-fdd1-4f02-aacc-e2d46ac8bd54","block_type":"box","text":"operators save and restore the entire graphics state, not just","page_number":273,"box":{"x":490,"y":553,"width":384,"height":11}},{"id":"29b95507-c9fa-4c71-b265-18b8feec5cc6","block_type":"box","text":"the clipping path. To avoid unnecessarily setting all graphics state parameters to","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":568,"width":520,"height":12}},{"id":"c13b9ffe-623b-4bf2-8e9e-2003328e8f75","block_type":"box","text":"achieve a known state after a","page_number":273,"box":{"x":341,"y":583,"width":187,"height":9}},{"id":"6b332842-a954-4a28-9322-94db1ab3aa1b","block_type":"box","text":"Q","page_number":273,"box":{"x":533,"y":583,"width":11,"height":10}},{"id":"cc8946d8-a880-47e4-911a-4f8a5f5c43d8","block_type":"box","text":"operator, an application that produces PDF files","page_number":273,"box":{"x":549,"y":583,"width":310,"height":12}},{"id":"08d4b16a-85bf-405f-843d-e6a7e33c0655","block_type":"box","text":"may wish to maintain its own graphics state stack, mimicking the PDF graphics","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":599,"width":519,"height":11}},{"id":"8fc18d99-9c86-4c3a-b9a1-4dfb5230703c","block_type":"box","text":"state stack. This enables the application to determine the values of all graphics","page_number":273,"box":{"x":341,"y":614,"width":509,"height":11}},{"id":"86510b1b-f801-4272-9844-984d2bd14575","block_type":"box","text":"state parameters at all times, and only write operators to change graphics state","page_number":273,"box":{"x":341,"y":629,"width":508,"height":11}},{"id":"860ad1ef-23c6-4c6a-b42e-abf4e0615ae1","block_type":"box","text":"parameters that do not have the desired value after the","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":644,"width":352,"height":11}},{"id":"8a8d1626-9aa5-4fda-af99-cc0f036f4e22","block_type":"box","text":"Q","page_number":273,"box":{"x":697,"y":643,"width":11,"height":10}},{"id":"e001c522-4994-476c-86d6-f6fc580ecb83","block_type":"box","text":"operator.","page_number":273,"box":{"x":713,"y":645,"width":56,"height":10}},{"id":"113ec49c-228f-4cf9-b9d9-d1735f92a8e5","block_type":"box","text":"10.10 Don’t draw outside the crop box","page_number":273,"box":{"x":273,"y":696,"width":365,"height":15}},{"id":"f97ce297-9dde-480f-9bcb-c560b31865ba","block_type":"box","text":"Objects entirely outside the crop box do not appear on screen or on the final","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":731,"width":495,"height":12}},{"id":"f61de2fa-47f8-4096-9b6b-bd789c110a40","block_type":"box","text":"printout. Nevertheless, if such objects are present in a PDF file, each time the page","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":746,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"c25c2812-2f82-4507-8a68-26324746f167","block_type":"box","text":"is drawn, time is spent determining if any portion of them is visible. Simply omit","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":762,"width":528,"height":11}},{"id":"684b4486-adcd-49da-90a2-5e74363566c5","block_type":"box","text":"any objects that are entirely outside of the crop box, instead of relying on clipping","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":777,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"7b9cc393-e30b-4074-b963-a61f72951e4f","block_type":"box","text":"to keep them from being drawn.","page_number":273,"box":{"x":340,"y":792,"width":208,"height":11}},{"id":"32b5e134-0d67-44ca-a3c8-59bcb9360dfc","block_type":"box","text":"10: General Techniques for Optimizing PDF FilesNovember 12, 1996","page_number":274,"box":{"x":146,"y":18,"width":501,"height":12}},{"id":"39b4152e-49b3-4ea7-8fe9-555eb11b5b35","block_type":"box","text":"276 Adobe Systems Inc.","page_number":274,"box":{"x":144,"y":905,"width":432,"height":11}},{"id":"c64493db-f9f9-4e17-9c78-fd874547bcd2","block_type":"box","text":"10.11 Consider target device resolution","page_number":274,"box":{"x":273,"y":86,"width":377,"height":15}},{"id":"b4420fb7-42e0-413d-8b23-cd89dbe4b01e","block_type":"box","text":"When producing a PDF file, it is extremely important to consider the device that is","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":121,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"94bae131-636a-4853-b82a-92dde8e00a4c","block_type":"box","text":"the primary target of the document contained in the file. A number of decisions","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":136,"width":515,"height":12}},{"id":"69cbaaab-22d2-4a5d-9cf3-a6be071fe555","block_type":"box","text":"may be made differently depending on whether the document will be primarily","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":151,"width":515,"height":12}},{"id":"ef196dc0-19f2-4bfb-8574-cff77d8ba3f2","block_type":"box","text":"viewed on a low-resolution device such as a computer screen or printed to an","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":167,"width":502,"height":11}},{"id":"d0aa9da9-4d58-4358-8382-886f020357d3","block_type":"box","text":"extremely high-resolution device such as an imagesetter.","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":182,"width":368,"height":11}},{"id":"ebff403b-683f-4f77-b4d1-9e68b2c94194","block_type":"box","text":"If the primary target of the document is a computer screen, users are generally","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":211,"width":510,"height":11}},{"id":"1e740f54-dc22-455f-a910-332096e75e36","block_type":"box","text":"most interested in small file sizes and fast display, and are willing to accept","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":226,"width":490,"height":11}},{"id":"9c050deb-1038-4d27-b927-5cbd66bad938","block_type":"box","text":"somewhat reduced resolution in exchange for those. If, on the other hand, the","page_number":274,"box":{"x":341,"y":241,"width":503,"height":11}},{"id":"5481e507-ccf6-4cb9-9355-3b3eb207d7c2","block_type":"box","text":"primary target is a 1200-dpi imagesetter, file size and drawing time are not as","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":256,"width":503,"height":12}},{"id":"4b668416-7738-4ebc-b066-0da1ca1482c6","block_type":"box","text":"important as obtaining the highest quality possible.","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":271,"width":332,"height":12}},{"id":"36534634-248a-4470-a101-38ebaa3ab2cd","block_type":"box","text":"PDF, like the PostScript language, allows graphics objects to be drawn at an","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":300,"width":495,"height":12}},{"id":"e0a53184-96a9-4a6e-bcdb-7c81163f03a1","block_type":"box","text":"arbitrary size and scaled to the desired size. It is often convenient to design objects","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":316,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"9ad06e10-81b7-42ec-83c8-ae93d2d2cfb8","block_type":"box","text":"at a standard size and scale them for a particular situation. Greatly reducing the","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":331,"width":516,"height":11}},{"id":"fbaf0589-aa4c-4c9a-abbc-f9af1bf69c32","block_type":"box","text":"size of an object, however, can result in unnecessary detail and slow drawing.","page_number":274,"box":{"x":341,"y":346,"width":503,"height":11}},{"id":"5853c1aa-3a7f-446b-bb6e-60963fbb2445","block_type":"box","text":"Choose a level of detail that is appropriate for both monitors and common printer","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":361,"width":530,"height":11}},{"id":"49bb5f40-1ca7-446b-ad6e-bc4a98396b8f","block_type":"box","text":"resolutions. In some cases it may be appropriate to replace a complex element of a","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":376,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"2b57cae3-3e5b-4eab-b757-ca955deb54bd","block_type":"box","text":"page with an equivalent image.","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":391,"width":202,"height":12}},{"id":"279bd31b-65ae-49bb-84db-782e6873ea6d","block_type":"box","text":"Decisions related to the target device primarily affect text, images, and blends.","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":420,"width":511,"height":12}},{"id":"d10a9758-b84c-4929-b1f7-a5c9bf27dc3f","block_type":"box","text":"They are discussed further in the following chapters.","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":436,"width":342,"height":11}},{"id":"e4cf8a4c-6b6d-4d53-9f49-5e3ba91772ce","block_type":"box","text":"10.12 Share resources","page_number":274,"box":{"x":273,"y":488,"width":219,"height":11}},{"id":"37d418c3-3606-4349-8ab5-b469af625e08","block_type":"box","text":"Typically, many pages of a document share the same set of fonts. A PDF file will","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":523,"width":527,"height":11}},{"id":"aa782ff7-68bc-4ddd-bf8c-71b5e4fec6b7","block_type":"box","text":"be smaller, display faster, and use less memory if the page’s Resources dictionaries","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":538,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"80650525-da3d-4b5f-9d24-99f4a6d703aa","block_type":"box","text":"refer to the same Font objects. Similarly, if multiple fonts use the same custom","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":553,"width":513,"height":11}},{"id":"fbd2e2e9-97e0-4bac-aaaa-ee7d27cbaf44","block_type":"box","text":"encoding, one Encoding object should be shared. The same holds true for","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":568,"width":479,"height":12}},{"id":"9df972d8-581b-4379-a324-ff0d83c32a2a","block_type":"box","text":"ProcSets—if multiple pages require the same combination of ProcSets, they","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":583,"width":495,"height":12}},{"id":"04cc0600-2a33-460a-9a0d-6edf34d0e72d","block_type":"box","text":"should refer to the same ProcSet array.","page_number":274,"box":{"x":341,"y":599,"width":250,"height":11}},{"id":"d0cab775-fd0e-4374-a6af-b31c8bf087c2","block_type":"box","text":"10.13 Store common Page attributes in the Pages object","page_number":274,"box":{"x":273,"y":651,"width":533,"height":14}},{"id":"3b2ac77e-48ea-4d98-8ed6-8cccb03cb9dd","block_type":"box","text":"Several Page attributes need not be specified directly in the Page object, but can be","page_number":274,"box":{"x":341,"y":686,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"20fdea17-dc19-4ae7-88f7-c9bead0f1824","block_type":"box","text":"inherited from a parent Pages object. Attributes that are the same for all pages in a","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":701,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"d22d2962-72bf-4ab3-8af0-606a30cc276d","block_type":"box","text":"document may be written once in the root Pages object. If a particular page has a","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":716,"width":527,"height":11}},{"id":"931970a4-330c-43d7-9a20-b1c127488ecb","block_type":"box","text":"different value, it can directly specify that value and override its parent’s value. For","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":731,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"e01d84f1-886e-44f4-8a81-89c80b5398fa","block_type":"box","text":"example, all pages except one in a document might have the same media box. This","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":746,"width":534,"height":12}},{"id":"bd732541-ea71-4a13-aaef-9d1cd032bb66","block_type":"box","text":"value can be stored in the root Pages object, and the media box for the odd-size","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":762,"width":517,"height":11}},{"id":"74e949b0-c046-4dc0-b08d-bbb1e0ce16ff","block_type":"box","text":"page can be specified directly in its Page object.","page_number":274,"box":{"x":340,"y":777,"width":312,"height":11}},{"id":"13c77aea-0613-478f-8839-d97c98b1217b","block_type":"box","text":"November 12, 1996 10.2.3","page_number":275,"box":{"x":441,"y":18,"width":437,"height":11}},{"id":"ffb227a3-72ae-49e7-844e-35e15a32c861","block_type":"box","text":"10: General Techniques for Optimizing PDF Files 277","page_number":275,"box":{"x":461,"y":905,"width":417,"height":12}},{"id":"d3a5e32e-8f12-4a85-9609-ea810178291f","block_type":"box","text":"10.14 Use strings for named destinations","page_number":275,"box":{"x":273,"y":86,"width":393,"height":15}},{"id":"bac48046-6c07-4b28-93c2-df94546dce25","block_type":"box","text":"Named destinations (see","page_number":275,"box":{"x":340,"y":121,"width":159,"height":11}},{"id":"71f70c3d-e1d3-45c4-94c5-1b722602e6f0","block_type":"box","text":"pa","page_number":275,"box":{"x":504,"y":124,"width":15,"height":8}},{"id":"450d3b73-3d26-495c-8cfb-62fc273c3f46","block_type":"box","text":"g","page_number":275,"box":{"x":519,"y":124,"width":8,"height":8}},{"id":"2d37eba9-ae1c-44c8-b6a5-62cb2bb0aec9","block_type":"box","text":"e 99","page_number":275,"box":{"x":528,"y":121,"width":26,"height":9}},{"id":"1d93eb10-3ebe-4240-8694-0837612f4ea2","block_type":"box","text":") can be represented with names stored in the","page_number":275,"box":{"x":555,"y":121,"width":294,"height":11}},{"id":"0c444f25-44d9-443a-8882-c18e68537a14","block_type":"box","text":"Catalog’s","page_number":275,"box":{"x":340,"y":136,"width":61,"height":12}},{"id":"aeeff505-90e9-4ec4-aa29-8dd45b4590a3","block_type":"box","text":"Dests","page_number":275,"box":{"x":407,"y":136,"width":42,"height":9}},{"id":"fd9d0860-6b9b-49cf-a11b-8a3c6b099404","block_type":"box","text":"dictionary, or with strings stored in the","page_number":275,"box":{"x":455,"y":136,"width":251,"height":12}},{"id":"b0d09b0d-06a0-4298-9d0e-7fc6560b146c","block_type":"box","text":"Dests","page_number":275,"box":{"x":712,"y":136,"width":42,"height":9}},{"id":"604fd1ef-2bdf-41ad-a7fe-6d10f6096aed","block_type":"box","text":"name tree in the","page_number":275,"box":{"x":759,"y":136,"width":105,"height":9}},{"id":"c7c8d53d-3b2f-4a03-a9ed-b43d58e4ce73","block_type":"box","text":"Catalog’s","page_number":275,"box":{"x":340,"y":151,"width":61,"height":12}},{"id":"dbc3818b-3496-42ad-8853-dded79f79a1a","block_type":"box","text":"Names","page_number":275,"box":{"x":407,"y":151,"width":52,"height":9}},{"id":"10843c7d-3ea4-48fe-a429-493d5db962dd","block_type":"box","text":"dictionary. For a small number of named destinations, either","page_number":275,"box":{"x":464,"y":151,"width":392,"height":12}},{"id":"362ab0e0-9c9f-4e62-9311-971586224fca","block_type":"box","text":"method is acceptable, and for compatibility with PDF 1.0 and 1.1, names are","page_number":275,"box":{"x":340,"y":167,"width":500,"height":11}},{"id":"91750d72-546c-43c7-98a8-86477f89d3fd","block_type":"box","text":"required. But applications that generate many named destinations should use the","page_number":275,"box":{"x":340,"y":182,"width":524,"height":11}},{"id":"610d65b3-f083-4cb5-a3a7-4078023f0ded","block_type":"box","text":"PDF 1.2 feature of storing these as strings, where there are essentially no","page_number":275,"box":{"x":340,"y":197,"width":475,"height":11}},{"id":"f6f08149-f19b-4ecf-af38-33a1ae1bb4e9","block_type":"box","text":"implementation limits.","page_number":275,"box":{"x":340,"y":212,"width":147,"height":11}},{"id":"ffff1da8-5bfc-469c-9145-6e12850c6498","block_type":"box","text":"PDF 1.2","page_number":275,"box":{"x":913,"y":93,"width":58,"height":9}},{"id":"a905e188-4c99-449b-833f-edf1bc35ad4e","block_type":"box","text":"10: General Techniques for Optimizing PDF FilesNovember 12, 1996","page_number":276,"box":{"x":146,"y":18,"width":501,"height":12}},{"id":"faf9847a-77f4-4059-ac06-1acdd8bbd2df","block_type":"box","text":"278 Adobe Systems Inc.","page_number":276,"box":{"x":144,"y":905,"width":432,"height":11}},{"id":"417589ba-499d-4986-bcca-c5e43aceaa23","block_type":"box","text":"PDF 1.2 Reference Manual November 12, 1996 11: Optimizing Text","page_number":277,"box":{"x":145,"y":18,"width":733,"height":12}},{"id":"688cd7f7-af29-406b-ba25-b272d5e0e6ca","block_type":"box","text":"279","page_number":277,"box":{"x":852,"y":905,"width":26,"height":9}},{"id":"a7f3009a-c7e9-4c1b-8976-7a6a8eeaca56","block_type":"box","text":"CHAPTER","page_number":277,"box":{"x":390,"y":98,"width":85,"height":11}},{"id":"7a535cdd-7a6a-410c-908d-9b8cd6c549a9","block_type":"box","text":"11","page_number":277,"box":{"x":503,"y":92,"width":25,"height":16}},{"id":"9efca59f-1b9c-4add-a56d-c11326e9b6c7","block_type":"box","text":"Optimizing Text","page_number":277,"box":{"x":391,"y":181,"width":284,"height":28}},{"id":"a573511b-eb5d-4f29-9a95-55ad2e43d094","block_type":"box","text":"Most text optimizations relate to using appropriate operators and taking advantage","page_number":277,"box":{"x":340,"y":269,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"37dcf5c7-2c44-476a-992b-8e75a31ee8a0","block_type":"box","text":"of the automatic line, character, and word spacing operators supported by PDF. A","page_number":277,"box":{"x":340,"y":284,"width":530,"height":11}},{"id":"21790072-15ca-46a3-8bb2-ee911a4dea4a","block_type":"box","text":"few optimizations relate to searching.","page_number":277,"box":{"x":340,"y":299,"width":244,"height":12}},{"id":"19e25a89-b846-485f-bf23-ef7d6d60d083","block_type":"box","text":"11.1 Don’t produce unnecessary text objects","page_number":277,"box":{"x":284,"y":352,"width":427,"height":14}},{"id":"381db9d8-0c65-48ff-bf91-e5870caaa6d8","block_type":"box","text":"A PDF viewer application initializes the text environment at the beginning of each","page_number":277,"box":{"x":340,"y":386,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"9d857862-a35d-4658-8b58-1f23139edbbe","block_type":"box","text":"text object, and this initialization takes some time. Minimizing the number of text","page_number":277,"box":{"x":340,"y":402,"width":533,"height":11}},{"id":"c6f45d9c-3674-4282-8a93-caf16aa30bc5","block_type":"box","text":"objects used reduces this overhead and reduces file size.","page_number":277,"box":{"x":340,"y":417,"width":364,"height":11}},{"id":"0c9ce480-9754-4059-8562-682d15343bb7","block_type":"box","text":"It is not necessary to end one text object and begin another whenever the text","page_number":277,"box":{"x":340,"y":446,"width":502,"height":11}},{"id":"78954827-3523-474b-89e3-40e3bc10af81","block_type":"box","text":"matrix is changed using the","page_number":277,"box":{"x":340,"y":461,"width":179,"height":11}},{"id":"71343c18-d460-407d-aeae-c73b8d615c38","block_type":"box","text":"Tm","page_number":277,"box":{"x":522,"y":460,"width":23,"height":10}},{"id":"a803eba2-a310-4173-831f-8f5b95a66588","block_type":"box","text":"operator. Instead, the text matrix can be changed","page_number":277,"box":{"x":551,"y":461,"width":316,"height":11}},{"id":"a7454880-dbab-46f9-997d-cde5c2a2edee","block_type":"box","text":"inside the text object. For example, to create a text object containing several lines","page_number":277,"box":{"x":340,"y":476,"width":529,"height":11}},{"id":"34e43875-4785-4969-bdde-5a5a2662e36a","block_type":"box","text":"of text at various rotations, the following text object could be used:","page_number":277,"box":{"x":340,"y":491,"width":435,"height":12}},{"id":"932ffcc7-346c-474a-a64a-cf18ce2f8bf8","block_type":"box","text":"Example 11.1","page_number":277,"box":{"x":341,"y":520,"width":94,"height":11}},{"id":"5efe4a8e-d7eb-4cf5-a434-e4bc5bb9d5d0","block_type":"box","text":"Changing the text matrix inside a text object","page_number":277,"box":{"x":454,"y":520,"width":289,"height":11}},{"id":"1542c1b8-4bcd-4ae4-872b-2f4aefe2797d","block_type":"box","text":"BT","page_number":277,"box":{"x":380,"y":545,"width":18,"height":7}},{"id":"0f09ba96-d483-42be-b6b1-40d732d898b0","block_type":"box","text":"/F13 24 Tf","page_number":277,"box":{"x":381,"y":560,"width":90,"height":9}},{"id":"3f7f5ded-da11-4235-91a7-53a4fd0e67fb","block_type":"box","text":"200 100 Td","page_number":277,"box":{"x":381,"y":577,"width":91,"height":8}},{"id":"7ddefe72-dde2-463a-946f-d2269c32590d","block_type":"box","text":"(Horizontal text) Tj","page_number":277,"box":{"x":383,"y":593,"width":180,"height":10}},{"id":"12496112-3ce6-438e-90bd-7dc88d4559eb","block_type":"box","text":"0.866 0.5 -0.5 0.866 186 150 Tm","page_number":277,"box":{"x":381,"y":609,"width":287,"height":8}},{"id":"2df95b43-a7e7-446a-88cf-b38af19a24c6","block_type":"box","text":"(Text rotated 30 degrees counterclockwise) Tj","page_number":277,"box":{"x":383,"y":625,"width":413,"height":11}},{"id":"3a78d5ce-5299-4aaa-940f-aa5cc035c935","block_type":"box","text":"0.5 0.866 -0.866 0.5 150 186 Tm","page_number":277,"box":{"x":381,"y":642,"width":287,"height":8}},{"id":"b7f833d9-9296-441e-bc4f-f813b3703289","block_type":"box","text":"(Text rotated 60 degrees counterclockwise) Tj","page_number":277,"box":{"x":383,"y":658,"width":413,"height":11}},{"id":"6a8ba4bd-05fd-4a9e-9fad-3aeb40613b99","block_type":"box","text":"0 1 -1 0 100 200 Tm","page_number":277,"box":{"x":381,"y":675,"width":175,"height":8}},{"id":"ccc6a609-9aa2-40ba-aee2-82a158ff429c","block_type":"box","text":"(Text rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise) Tj","page_number":277,"box":{"x":383,"y":691,"width":413,"height":10}},{"id":"98cb04c0-8035-4b7f-8e89-df236195cc5f","block_type":"box","text":"ET","page_number":277,"box":{"x":380,"y":709,"width":18,"height":7}},{"id":"f06bffdf-c48e-4a1b-9476-e391dc596687","block_type":"box","text":"This sequence draws the text in the font whose name in the current Resources","page_number":277,"box":{"x":340,"y":740,"width":506,"height":11}},{"id":"3c143842-d6af-4b31-9705-ba326014c314","block_type":"box","text":"dictionary is","page_number":277,"box":{"x":340,"y":755,"width":80,"height":12}},{"id":"3746ce4f-c8b3-450f-9e55-8ec90494ef34","block_type":"box","text":"F13","page_number":277,"box":{"x":426,"y":755,"width":27,"height":9}},{"id":"f17a8f76-8a3b-45f3-9ade-9e88a472e680","block_type":"box","text":", at a size of 24 points. Keep in mind that the matrix specified","page_number":277,"box":{"x":454,"y":755,"width":400,"height":12}},{"id":"e539f9c1-7726-4fb2-b101-a56916fd81e2","block_type":"box","text":"using the","page_number":277,"box":{"x":340,"y":770,"width":59,"height":12}},{"id":"97164c3c-b445-453e-b619-62f89a411a65","block_type":"box","text":"Tm","page_number":277,"box":{"x":402,"y":770,"width":23,"height":9}},{"id":"bfd4c96e-7149-4ccc-a9ff-f52ea412ac22","block_type":"box","text":"operator replaces the text matrix; it is not concatenated onto the text","page_number":277,"box":{"x":431,"y":770,"width":443,"height":12}},{"id":"89517aac-1511-46c6-be20-5fe4f7936fb6","block_type":"box","text":"matrix.","page_number":277,"box":{"x":340,"y":786,"width":45,"height":8}},{"id":"3ba29ac6-adb3-461d-9964-ef8c6a1b029c","block_type":"box","text":"Similarly, font and most other graphics state parameters can change inside a text","page_number":277,"box":{"x":341,"y":815,"width":523,"height":11}},{"id":"83815ae0-d724-49c5-99b0-2bc1633035f3","block_type":"box","text":"object. 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This makes generating","page_number":278,"box":{"x":340,"y":136,"width":490,"height":12}},{"id":"1e0ba408-ea10-42f9-a81a-a80df77b0e2c","block_type":"box","text":"multiple lines of text easy and compact. Use automatic leading whenever possible.","page_number":278,"box":{"x":340,"y":151,"width":534,"height":12}},{"id":"c1dc1121-8448-447e-9c94-df97bb4c2b78","block_type":"box","text":"The","page_number":278,"box":{"x":340,"y":167,"width":25,"height":8}},{"id":"93c060ff-0975-4495-a724-4f130e579935","block_type":"box","text":"'","page_number":278,"box":{"x":370,"y":167,"width":2,"height":3}},{"id":"34eaf80f-d2c2-4b1b-8da7-057290ae0899","block_type":"box","text":"and","page_number":278,"box":{"x":378,"y":167,"width":22,"height":8}},{"id":"2696d29a-071b-4a73-8841-7abc3ce0b21c","block_type":"box","text":"\"","page_number":278,"box":{"x":406,"y":166,"width":5,"height":4}},{"id":"f48561dd-10a3-4b1b-a1b8-9004ee7ce158","block_type":"box","text":"operators automatically move to the next line of text, as defined by the","page_number":278,"box":{"x":417,"y":167,"width":457,"height":11}},{"id":"6b3c41b2-8735-43bb-8e44-761bae379eea","block_type":"box","text":"leading, and 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By carefully choosing an","page_number":291,"box":{"x":340,"y":284,"width":524,"height":11}},{"id":"a75dc354-81d6-4fbc-ba52-ead67090cf4b","block_type":"box","text":"appropriate resolution, number of bits per color component, and compression","page_number":291,"box":{"x":340,"y":299,"width":504,"height":12}},{"id":"19fb1683-7b41-4e7e-877e-733e3dcb0137","block_type":"box","text":"filter, it is possible to significantly enhance image performance.","page_number":291,"box":{"x":340,"y":314,"width":413,"height":12}},{"id":"080ae735-bd18-4395-8094-3469506e4c3a","block_type":"box","text":"13.1 Preprocess images","page_number":291,"box":{"x":284,"y":367,"width":234,"height":14}},{"id":"08451698-58dc-45c2-a218-d6b52a59a68c","block_type":"box","text":"PDF provides operators that transform and clip images. These operators should be","page_number":291,"box":{"x":340,"y":402,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"fb02faf9-e4ab-4003-b518-7cd2e86f2c0f","block_type":"box","text":"used with care. For example, performance often improves if rotation and skewing","page_number":291,"box":{"x":340,"y":417,"width":531,"height":11}},{"id":"d16ba494-12db-4686-a079-a58f78508e5d","block_type":"box","text":"of an image is performed","page_number":291,"box":{"x":340,"y":432,"width":163,"height":11}},{"id":"ee3ac327-3696-420b-ac20-a03a7a62e79d","block_type":"box","text":"before","page_number":291,"box":{"x":508,"y":432,"width":40,"height":11}},{"id":"c87f689c-feb3-49f6-b3df-c29f3c7723ab","block_type":"box","text":"the image is placed in the PDF file, rather than","page_number":291,"box":{"x":553,"y":432,"width":302,"height":11}},{"id":"c3fe9444-5f92-498b-8feb-26140a56f824","block_type":"box","text":"by","page_number":291,"box":{"x":860,"y":432,"width":14,"height":11}},{"id":"260811d7-5601-4e39-b5cd-7f5238903b6d","block_type":"box","text":"the PDF viewer application. Similarly, if an image is clipped, it is best to reduce","page_number":291,"box":{"x":340,"y":447,"width":522,"height":11}},{"id":"978343d8-3327-46ec-94cc-7c73d966e23e","block_type":"box","text":"the image to the smallest dimensions possible before placing the image in the PDF","page_number":291,"box":{"x":340,"y":462,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"5780a7c7-0f98-49ba-a7a4-b96a35be8698","block_type":"box","text":"file, perhaps eliminating the need for clipping.","page_number":291,"box":{"x":340,"y":477,"width":301,"height":12}},{"id":"6d8a0b3a-d08b-4917-bac1-89d7a97fe6ec","block_type":"box","text":"13.2 Match image resolution to target device resolution","page_number":291,"box":{"x":284,"y":530,"width":523,"height":14}},{"id":"d702c93e-30f1-4b9b-a00c-d892a3f4e765","block_type":"box","text":"If a grayscale or color image will primarily be viewed on computer screens (which","page_number":291,"box":{"x":340,"y":564,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"269fadf5-362c-4a2f-8d43-594ccd18a582","block_type":"box","text":"typically have resolutions between 70–100 pixels per inch) or printed on typical","page_number":291,"box":{"x":340,"y":580,"width":521,"height":11}},{"id":"53d0067c-6657-424d-92be-96c1360141e4","block_type":"box","text":"color and monochrome printers (which have resolutions of 300 dpi and default","page_number":291,"box":{"x":340,"y":595,"width":513,"height":11}},{"id":"834d08a5-cded-4e03-909f-9dee28f09a5c","block_type":"box","text":"halftone screens of approximately 60 lines per inch), there is no point in producing","page_number":291,"box":{"x":340,"y":610,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"f1310619-c3e8-4ea0-b14d-0e9a9de99ca7","block_type":"box","text":"the image at 300 samples per inch. Most of the information in the higher resolution","page_number":291,"box":{"x":340,"y":625,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"562b0690-3dda-4ac6-a76b-6a2b40bd3aae","block_type":"box","text":"image will never be seen, the image will contain at least nine times as much data as","page_number":291,"box":{"x":340,"y":640,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"e8ec6ced-952a-43c8-bbf4-48f0b2569af8","block_type":"box","text":"it needs to (90,000 samples per square inch versus a maximum of 10,000 samples","page_number":291,"box":{"x":340,"y":655,"width":532,"height":12}},{"id":"c85f9ec9-4930-43ee-9cc2-e209a597c875","block_type":"box","text":"per square inch), and will draw more slowly.","page_number":291,"box":{"x":340,"y":671,"width":289,"height":11}},{"id":"6364a6a5-a4b5-4f8e-9922-e4085b303119","block_type":"box","text":"Monochrome images can be stored at higher resolutions of 200 to 300 dpi. This","page_number":291,"box":{"x":340,"y":700,"width":519,"height":11}},{"id":"b89b255e-9418-4464-8714-7ec83c74475d","block_type":"box","text":"resolution can be achieved on typical printers.","page_number":291,"box":{"x":340,"y":715,"width":299,"height":11}},{"id":"fcef61db-8a78-4043-839d-4eccf6e47f23","block_type":"box","text":"13.3 Use the minimum number of bits per color component","page_number":291,"box":{"x":284,"y":767,"width":560,"height":14}},{"id":"eda9e699-8c0d-4a24-8a65-dd4498357f34","block_type":"box","text":"The amount of data needed to represent an image increases as the number of bits","page_number":291,"box":{"x":340,"y":802,"width":526,"height":11}},{"id":"91b9b74d-1b5b-4fab-b127-39480f610730","block_type":"box","text":"per color component increases. This is very important to consider when deciding","page_number":291,"box":{"x":340,"y":817,"width":527,"height":11}},{"id":"ba9eceae-661c-4125-9192-dff86ec62547","block_type":"box","text":"how many bits per component to use for an image.","page_number":291,"box":{"x":340,"y":832,"width":329,"height":12}},{"id":"cee017b1-00da-4b15-a9b0-4714924c477e","block_type":"box","text":"13: Optimizing Images November 12, 1996","page_number":292,"box":{"x":146,"y":18,"width":436,"height":12}},{"id":"2498155b-a51f-4f78-abe1-4c6ff7e01e89","block_type":"box","text":"294 Adobe Systems Inc.","page_number":292,"box":{"x":144,"y":905,"width":432,"height":11}},{"id":"8757553b-8e09-4e90-96e3-45eeebe548da","block_type":"box","text":"If an image requires continuous colors, it might very well need to use 8 bits per","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":87,"width":518,"height":11}},{"id":"cf283bbb-9d70-4fe1-8809-51deb5319236","block_type":"box","text":"color component. However, many graphs, plots, and other types of drawings do not","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":102,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"6f87ad2f-96e8-4948-977f-cfc60a2c8f52","block_type":"box","text":"require continuous tone reproduction and are completely satisfactory with a small","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":117,"width":533,"height":12}},{"id":"1767cec7-48dc-4f00-b62a-f4ca1adf04d0","block_type":"box","text":"number of bits per color component.","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":132,"width":237,"height":12}},{"id":"31f7e92e-281a-41d3-99c8-a505713ac313","block_type":"box","text":"13.4 Take advantage of indexed color spaces","page_number":292,"box":{"x":284,"y":185,"width":428,"height":14}},{"id":"74df99f0-da9b-4a30-8ca0-7452c02eb184","block_type":"box","text":"If an image contains a relatively small number of colors, indexed color spaces can","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":220,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"8b09d248-c66b-4b33-a8a7-93d9722aaeef","block_type":"box","text":"be used to reduce the amount of data needed to represent the image. In an indexed","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":235,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"c19a5efe-c231-4237-860f-83baed55fb36","block_type":"box","text":"color space, the number of bits needed to represent each sample in an image is","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":250,"width":511,"height":11}},{"id":"e43a4dc9-03f3-4d48-88c3-0e774bd0dd8e","block_type":"box","text":"determined by the total number of colors in the image rather than by the precision","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":265,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"440bdc6a-168e-419b-9a1e-528548e59b3b","block_type":"box","text":"needed to specify a single color.","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":280,"width":208,"height":12}},{"id":"af5fc69e-97ce-42ff-98b5-493b0892b7c5","block_type":"box","text":"Most computers currently have displays that support a limited number of colors.","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":309,"width":522,"height":12}},{"id":"0a6213e3-81ae-4e69-ada2-edf3d70791eb","block_type":"box","text":"For example, it is very common for color displays on the Macintosh computer to","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":324,"width":526,"height":12}},{"id":"2a83fcbd-5593-4bc1-8afe-d673bfb1a15a","block_type":"box","text":"provide no more than 256 colors, and many computers running the Microsoft","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":340,"width":504,"height":11}},{"id":"0bf2bd23-6d34-4988-bd80-dd5c30968b28","block_type":"box","text":"Windows environment provide only 16 colors. On such devices, little loss of image","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":355,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"5537d377-1d31-4344-b110-b1a8d6683245","block_type":"box","text":"quality will occur if 24-bit color images are replaced by 8-bit indexed color","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":370,"width":492,"height":11}},{"id":"fa0d9f93-1020-4dac-9bc3-5a66955ffa08","block_type":"box","text":"images.","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":385,"width":49,"height":11}},{"id":"33c25dd8-0372-464a-be56-62258704a5c3","block_type":"box","text":"As an example of the compression possible using indexed color spaces, suppose an","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":414,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"73af16ae-258f-4fba-b538-e8f4cd5699b3","block_type":"box","text":"image contains 256 different colors. Each pixel’s color can then be encoded using","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":429,"width":532,"height":12}},{"id":"5a2aaac8-e305-493b-a905-c0d67886bb2b","block_type":"box","text":"only 8 bits, regardless of whether the colors in the image are 8-bit grayscale, 24-bit","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":444,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"980f1676-56f2-4373-ae45-37a3b00935bc","block_type":"box","text":"RGB, or 32-bit CMYK. If the colors are 24-bit RGB, using an indexed color space","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":460,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"846835fd-e8d8-483d-875e-93bf6ab670f2","block_type":"box","text":"instead of the RGB values would reduce the amount of data needed to represent the","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":475,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"4613f828-a06c-4d17-b459-24a2037b68e6","block_type":"box","text":"image by approximately a factor of three: 24 bits per pixel using an RGB color","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":490,"width":515,"height":11}},{"id":"74edde47-b76a-4848-89aa-f37723abc9b6","block_type":"box","text":"space versus 8 bits per pixel using an indexed color space. The reduction is not","page_number":292,"box":{"x":341,"y":505,"width":513,"height":11}},{"id":"0ff772b1-7e37-432a-aa1a-e5ec6180217e","block_type":"box","text":"exactly three because the use of an indexed color space requires that a lookup","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":520,"width":505,"height":12}},{"id":"3344107b-1d24-43f3-9223-caed0506e0e5","block_type":"box","text":"table, containing the list of colors used in the image, be written to the file. For a","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":535,"width":519,"height":12}},{"id":"eab28c93-0fb8-4e83-bfa6-80878b53ee0d","block_type":"box","text":"large image, the size of this lookup table is insignificant compared to the image","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":551,"width":517,"height":11}},{"id":"604cd00f-ede3-4199-8336-9553a9280a6b","block_type":"box","text":"and can be ignored. For a small image, the size of the lookup table must be","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":566,"width":489,"height":11}},{"id":"4a7d1bcb-e8a8-4ce0-90e9-5d4774d1b945","block_type":"box","text":"included in the calculation. The size of the lookup table can be calculated from the","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":581,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"19ce43cb-21e1-433e-b73f-9b3e2ba666ab","block_type":"box","text":"description of indexed color spaces in","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":596,"width":246,"height":11}},{"id":"0ab7e94b-093f-477d-ac27-b6b735831d98","block_type":"box","text":"Section 7.9.7 on pa","page_number":292,"box":{"x":591,"y":596,"width":125,"height":11}},{"id":"eadff5fe-6f4b-4e9a-a592-fecd055b8a7b","block_type":"box","text":"g","page_number":292,"box":{"x":717,"y":599,"width":7,"height":8}},{"id":"63fcd3c2-b51d-4ec6-9e65-6d0f65b33e3d","block_type":"box","text":"e 175","page_number":292,"box":{"x":725,"y":596,"width":34,"height":9}},{"id":"80dbf9cc-7e71-4009-b166-4b62483586f8","block_type":"box","text":".","page_number":292,"box":{"x":761,"y":603,"width":2,"height":2}},{"id":"c552f7f2-f966-41df-a0f3-d6ef9104da22","block_type":"box","text":"13.5 Use the DeviceGray color space for monochrome images","page_number":292,"box":{"x":284,"y":648,"width":586,"height":15}},{"id":"aa843bf7-f07b-4987-9f29-4378019805ce","block_type":"box","text":"For a bitmap (monochrome) image, use the","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":683,"width":282,"height":12}},{"id":"69592bd0-81c4-4fc6-83cd-6b80472ef02f","block_type":"box","text":"DeviceGray","page_number":292,"box":{"x":627,"y":683,"width":88,"height":12}},{"id":"5ac58ed7-a385-41e6-80c0-fad923e9ec29","block_type":"box","text":"color space instead of","page_number":292,"box":{"x":720,"y":683,"width":142,"height":12}},{"id":"5be25ebc-e7e6-45eb-bcb5-4c5766bbe723","block_type":"box","text":"DeviceRGB","page_number":292,"box":{"x":341,"y":698,"width":87,"height":9}},{"id":"8981fc56-b25e-4984-9522-6b0b043d81d9","block_type":"box","text":",","page_number":292,"box":{"x":429,"y":706,"width":3,"height":3}},{"id":"3d772873-efdc-48f8-8a04-137dfc50a2c0","block_type":"box","text":"DeviceCMYK","page_number":292,"box":{"x":438,"y":698,"width":99,"height":9}},{"id":"3d11a0df-86b7-46bd-b01c-d26e319fe4e5","block_type":"box","text":", or","page_number":292,"box":{"x":538,"y":701,"width":21,"height":8}},{"id":"2c8da93e-13c4-4725-9151-4cc55c64ec7c","block_type":"box","text":"Indexed","page_number":292,"box":{"x":564,"y":698,"width":59,"height":9}},{"id":"506a8344-ef8d-42fb-8f6a-ea33138a8313","block_type":"box","text":"color space. In addition, the","page_number":292,"box":{"x":629,"y":698,"width":180,"height":12}},{"id":"fdc27457-bace-4d7e-9c36-767f5458cfba","block_type":"box","text":"BitsPerComponent","page_number":292,"box":{"x":341,"y":713,"width":146,"height":12}},{"id":"6dd8a18a-57a4-43a0-9b59-1679d71004dd","block_type":"box","text":"attribute for bitmap images should be 1. These settings","page_number":292,"box":{"x":492,"y":714,"width":356,"height":11}},{"id":"3ece78d5-9805-4756-bf8b-063f3d1bb1dc","block_type":"box","text":"significantly reduce the amount of data used to represent the image.","page_number":292,"box":{"x":341,"y":729,"width":439,"height":11}},{"id":"5eb9e8c5-2079-418f-9193-489ca2f89f30","block_type":"box","text":"Using a different color space or a larger","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":758,"width":259,"height":11}},{"id":"fd934101-421c-46e4-9da9-39919c8dba36","block_type":"box","text":"BitsPerComponent","page_number":292,"box":{"x":604,"y":757,"width":146,"height":12}},{"id":"41fdb71b-3b59-4879-be68-1c90eabd3253","block_type":"box","text":"greatly increases","page_number":292,"box":{"x":755,"y":758,"width":108,"height":11}},{"id":"48161302-fa8e-4e21-a71b-9490e1e2057c","block_type":"box","text":"the amount of image data. As an extreme example, a bitmap image represented","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":773,"width":514,"height":11}},{"id":"157edaf3-5451-4dd9-89b8-77eecab0a6a3","block_type":"box","text":"using a","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":788,"width":46,"height":11}},{"id":"f01823bb-4849-4841-bc92-20880e37c66f","block_type":"box","text":"DeviceCMYK","page_number":292,"box":{"x":391,"y":787,"width":99,"height":10}},{"id":"9e8360c9-ec49-4b52-af18-5270073ea0d4","block_type":"box","text":"color space with 8 bits per component contains 32 times as","page_number":292,"box":{"x":495,"y":788,"width":379,"height":11}},{"id":"be6237e6-9604-46a4-93c3-95f1d9895979","block_type":"box","text":"much data as necessary: four color components with 8 bits per component, instead","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":803,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"a82d064b-5aad-48d0-9b86-320e0ec40593","block_type":"box","text":"of a single color component with 1 bit per component.","page_number":292,"box":{"x":340,"y":818,"width":353,"height":12}},{"id":"08ec9479-886d-4e18-a578-1f94b3911c09","block_type":"box","text":"November 12, 1996","page_number":293,"box":{"x":441,"y":18,"width":141,"height":11}},{"id":"95984a94-fe3f-4863-97ea-08f5d40883c3","block_type":"box","text":"13: Optimizing Images 295","page_number":293,"box":{"x":655,"y":905,"width":223,"height":12}},{"id":"eacef819-9c0c-4af7-bad0-33fa283fea56","block_type":"box","text":"13.6 Use in-line images appropriately","page_number":293,"box":{"x":284,"y":86,"width":356,"height":15}},{"id":"3ac6f5da-0545-4234-ae43-e2a8ad99a6dc","block_type":"box","text":"In-line images occupy less disk space and memory than image resources.","page_number":293,"box":{"x":340,"y":121,"width":476,"height":11}},{"id":"6d41f596-ceae-4ab2-9ff8-cebbbcbe2b14","block_type":"box","text":"However, image resources give viewer applications more flexibility in managing","page_number":293,"box":{"x":340,"y":136,"width":524,"height":12}},{"id":"6c8a6a79-a12a-49fa-90fe-6c66bcfaa8d8","block_type":"box","text":"memory—the data of an image resource can be read on demand, while an in-line","page_number":293,"box":{"x":340,"y":151,"width":527,"height":12}},{"id":"827d7091-8999-4796-8b7c-41979d70fdf3","block_type":"box","text":"image must be kept in memory together with the rest of a page’s contents.","page_number":293,"box":{"x":340,"y":167,"width":481,"height":11}},{"id":"fce88200-f3a3-45a1-b651-192cbbbfe2ae","block_type":"box","text":"Implementation note PDF Writer and the Acrobat Distiller application represent images with less than","page_number":293,"box":{"x":168,"y":196,"width":703,"height":11}},{"id":"11af85b8-6b6a-4da6-ac6c-d96f17b36fb2","block_type":"box","text":"4K of data as in-line images until a total of 32K of in-line data are present on a","page_number":293,"box":{"x":340,"y":211,"width":518,"height":11}},{"id":"56e41f1e-97a5-4c41-9d42-ce40cd1f1fbb","block_type":"box","text":"page. Once this limit is reached, subsequent images on that page are represented","page_number":293,"box":{"x":339,"y":226,"width":530,"height":11}},{"id":"afe443fb-219c-4337-a8ae-570d0bcef1ee","block_type":"box","text":"in-line only if they are smaller than 1K.","page_number":293,"box":{"x":341,"y":241,"width":255,"height":11}},{"id":"d9912dbf-ba7f-4b96-9815-14e01decb136","block_type":"box","text":"13.7 Don’t compress in-line images unnecessarily","page_number":293,"box":{"x":284,"y":293,"width":476,"height":15}},{"id":"a8982fd0-0248-4103-92d0-23aa01ab035b","block_type":"box","text":"In-line images should not always be compressed and converted to ASCII.","page_number":293,"box":{"x":340,"y":328,"width":477,"height":12}},{"id":"561b6a1c-17f9-49bc-9c30-5513fdf8c1d0","block_type":"box","text":"Specifically, in-line images should not be compressed if the Contents stream of the","page_number":293,"box":{"x":341,"y":343,"width":534,"height":12}},{"id":"ca430539-244c-43eb-80bc-4d1c0960275a","block_type":"box","text":"page on which the in-line image appears is itself compressed.","page_number":293,"box":{"x":340,"y":359,"width":400,"height":11}},{"id":"e2085d62-7a29-47c0-96d1-28e2f3e37407","block_type":"box","text":"Because an in-line image is located completely within the Contents stream of the","page_number":293,"box":{"x":340,"y":388,"width":528,"height":11}},{"id":"4ae4f51f-8e0e-424d-b52f-7c87fa91ce09","block_type":"box","text":"page, it is automatically passed through the compression and ASCII conversion","page_number":293,"box":{"x":340,"y":403,"width":517,"height":11}},{"id":"7b53bc13-1ae2-46a0-834f-02c0274a36ac","block_type":"box","text":"filters specified for the page’s Contents stream. The specification of an additional","page_number":293,"box":{"x":340,"y":418,"width":528,"height":11}},{"id":"6730dd1a-e2f8-444a-bc88-a10bac6fb287","block_type":"box","text":"compression or ASCII conversion filter in the in-line image itself under these","page_number":293,"box":{"x":340,"y":433,"width":502,"height":11}},{"id":"675e7a40-65ea-4252-bb59-9f55b37a9682","block_type":"box","text":"circumstances results in the in-line image being compressed and converted to","page_number":293,"box":{"x":340,"y":448,"width":504,"height":12}},{"id":"c22b21a3-b888-4317-91eb-73e4871c8231","block_type":"box","text":"ASCII twice. This does not result in additional compression and slows down the","page_number":293,"box":{"x":340,"y":463,"width":523,"height":12}},{"id":"5c6969ca-02b5-4680-a5b1-bdb092d4be8f","block_type":"box","text":"decoding of the image.","page_number":293,"box":{"x":340,"y":479,"width":148,"height":11}},{"id":"d8a64db9-9743-4cce-ad64-37090b97e241","block_type":"box","text":"13.8 Choose the appropriate filters","page_number":293,"box":{"x":284,"y":531,"width":333,"height":14}},{"id":"e93c84c9-a50d-4714-b2ad-e4997662000b","block_type":"box","text":"The selection of filters for image streams can be confusing, although a few","page_number":293,"box":{"x":340,"y":566,"width":486,"height":11}},{"id":"aa2ac1db-ccf2-4015-b66a-87ce3afdd680","block_type":"box","text":"relatively simple rules can greatly simplify the task.","page_number":293,"box":{"x":340,"y":581,"width":336,"height":11}},{"id":"0ebe25b8-c20b-4c6c-adb6-257a0752c582","block_type":"box","text":"The order of filters specified when data is decoded must be the opposite of the","page_number":293,"box":{"x":340,"y":610,"width":509,"height":11}},{"id":"41add0e2-6f41-46cc-9808-2c511cd1371e","block_type":"box","text":"order in which the filters were applied when the data was encoded. 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Guidelines for selecting among them are summarized in","page_number":295,"box":{"x":340,"y":732,"width":477,"height":11}},{"id":"58060f12-bfa0-44a6-8837-29258fdd0c5d","block_type":"box","text":"Ta","page_number":295,"box":{"x":822,"y":732,"width":9,"height":9}},{"id":"258576b9-aeca-4517-8e50-af3a29325ea9","block_type":"box","text":"Ta","page_number":295,"box":{"x":831,"y":735,"width":6,"height":6}},{"id":"185aea1f-3786-464d-a664-7cbbe85d12ef","block_type":"box","text":"b","page_number":295,"box":{"x":837,"y":732,"width":8,"height":9}},{"id":"d8570c32-a502-4269-92da-941b574e40ae","block_type":"box","text":"le","page_number":295,"box":{"x":846,"y":732,"width":11,"height":9}},{"id":"4251330c-3461-4ef7-8dec-b19f0b1c6ee1","block_type":"box","text":"13.1","page_number":295,"box":{"x":342,"y":747,"width":25,"height":9}},{"id":"0cc2fbd1-21dc-4df9-9782-7f6a58d3f6bf","block_type":"box","text":".","page_number":295,"box":{"x":370,"y":755,"width":1,"height":1}},{"id":"4b184649-18eb-42e2-ac9c-869759048716","block_type":"box","text":"Table 13.1","page_number":295,"box":{"x":340,"y":776,"width":71,"height":9}},{"id":"1fe3730a-3791-4e7e-a02b-3964753f48a6","block_type":"box","text":"Comparison of compression filters for images","page_number":295,"box":{"x":423,"y":776,"width":297,"height":11}},{"id":"e0725c60-2784-42b5-84b7-4453e6c24884","block_type":"box","text":"Use… When…","page_number":295,"box":{"x":341,"y":805,"width":223,"height":9}},{"id":"4fe52ac5-d1cd-4ad7-a664-3e25e4575afd","block_type":"box","text":"DCTDecode","page_number":295,"box":{"x":341,"y":832,"width":91,"height":10}},{"id":"b0e54c78-e3c1-493d-8c10-ca8fc9028053","block_type":"box","text":"Image is grayscale or color","page_number":295,"box":{"x":507,"y":833,"width":176,"height":11}},{"id":"1fb64bc3-887f-4eef-98a5-d2179f4ad404","block_type":"box","text":"Decompressed image doesn’t need to be bit-by-bit","page_number":295,"box":{"x":507,"y":850,"width":328,"height":11}},{"id":"3e22aa3c-05eb-4cf1-8b9a-e7e7e01d5172","block_type":"box","text":"identical to original image","page_number":295,"box":{"x":507,"y":866,"width":171,"height":11}},{"id":"c1f87921-1915-49ea-bb05-0b9f9a727e0a","block_type":"box","text":"13: Optimizing Images November 12, 1996","page_number":296,"box":{"x":146,"y":18,"width":436,"height":12}},{"id":"c7eb2f9e-f21a-4f9d-87ac-a218b6d59c54","block_type":"box","text":"298 Adobe Systems Inc.","page_number":296,"box":{"x":144,"y":905,"width":432,"height":11}},{"id":"ec41a4d1-86e9-4f50-8144-482eadac97ef","block_type":"box","text":"CCITTFaxDecode","page_number":296,"box":{"x":341,"y":86,"width":133,"height":10}},{"id":"5ee3f0eb-98a7-4199-a35c-12e2fba88cd0","block_type":"box","text":"Image is monochrome (bitmap)","page_number":296,"box":{"x":507,"y":87,"width":205,"height":11}},{"id":"88aedfca-b66c-4349-a0af-9f02bd7a4fc5","block_type":"box","text":"Group 4 encoding should be used unless the application","page_number":296,"box":{"x":507,"y":103,"width":364,"height":12}},{"id":"3191cd03-0609-4b39-abcc-4caeacdd3e61","block_type":"box","text":"generating the file does not support Group 4 encoding","page_number":296,"box":{"x":507,"y":120,"width":351,"height":11}},{"id":"a99c5808-e2aa-432f-8b1d-e7f6dea37fdc","block_type":"box","text":"RunLengthDecode","page_number":296,"box":{"x":341,"y":142,"width":144,"height":12}},{"id":"762758a7-ab20-4ae4-aa78-825aa9f40d2f","block_type":"box","text":"Image contains many groups of identical bytes, such as","page_number":296,"box":{"x":507,"y":143,"width":359,"height":11}},{"id":"eed473e2-5923-4d83-b77c-812c7bd9f90e","block_type":"box","text":"an 8-bit grayscale image with many areas of same gray","page_number":296,"box":{"x":507,"y":159,"width":358,"height":11}},{"id":"0de6ad32-06bd-4498-ae09-132cd99e00ab","block_type":"box","text":"level. Should rarely be used","page_number":296,"box":{"x":507,"y":175,"width":180,"height":12}},{"id":"4dce57d1-db61-4e77-a068-d2bf901b3724","block_type":"box","text":"LZWDecode","page_number":296,"box":{"x":341,"y":198,"width":93,"height":9}},{"id":"873c5a1f-5166-4107-87d0-2381e59b7093","block_type":"box","text":"Images that cannot use","page_number":296,"box":{"x":507,"y":198,"width":148,"height":12}},{"id":"eeb4a308-837f-4e8b-a88f-1c08d9c5a199","block_type":"box","text":"DCTDecode","page_number":296,"box":{"x":661,"y":197,"width":91,"height":10}},{"id":"1d9c8717-85db-406b-af69-266c3b9fbded","block_type":"box","text":"and that do not","page_number":296,"box":{"x":757,"y":198,"width":97,"height":9}},{"id":"f31c273b-4ccb-4027-b9c1-0c955725e16a","block_type":"box","text":"compress well using either CCITT or run length","page_number":296,"box":{"x":507,"y":215,"width":313,"height":11}},{"id":"08d38cd8-03cd-4e59-bc29-8c34eefcbfaf","block_type":"box","text":"encoding","page_number":296,"box":{"x":507,"y":231,"width":59,"height":11}},{"id":"0086a888-5ccf-456f-891c-ff28f030b2af","block_type":"box","text":"13.9 Use predefined spot functions","page_number":296,"box":{"x":284,"y":297,"width":337,"height":14}},{"id":"78a0e87c-7a83-4b0d-ab45-a875285cb68c","block_type":"box","text":"A Type-1 halftone screen (see","page_number":296,"box":{"x":340,"y":332,"width":195,"height":11}},{"id":"d677a153-17ce-4af7-aa24-edf4a47ada87","block_type":"box","text":"pa","page_number":296,"box":{"x":539,"y":335,"width":15,"height":8}},{"id":"23465494-ffe4-4b49-8bee-1ca38e309b1f","block_type":"box","text":"g","page_number":296,"box":{"x":555,"y":335,"width":7,"height":8}},{"id":"1e0f21ec-bcb2-4e80-a7b4-0000b52609b8","block_type":"box","text":"e 194","page_number":296,"box":{"x":563,"y":332,"width":35,"height":9}},{"id":"14b6e6b6-8228-4aa8-af43-6c7890acfe2f","block_type":"box","text":") includes a spot function. In PDF, this is","page_number":296,"box":{"x":599,"y":332,"width":265,"height":11}},{"id":"34b95665-598c-4664-8493-2024d6c8a73f","block_type":"box","text":"represented with a Function resource; in PDF 1.2, there are","page_number":296,"box":{"x":340,"y":347,"width":385,"height":12}},{"id":"59206a70-3116-4b5e-905a-b80bd81c3e2f","block_type":"box","text":"named","page_number":296,"box":{"x":730,"y":347,"width":44,"height":9}},{"id":"524d1862-bff8-4f6d-9c91-018479931c67","block_type":"box","text":"spot functions","page_number":296,"box":{"x":778,"y":347,"width":91,"height":12}},{"id":"4039cd56-d893-45d9-a49a-665e5f32c825","block_type":"box","text":"and","page_number":296,"box":{"x":340,"y":362,"width":23,"height":9}},{"id":"08bc84d1-6072-4f81-971c-42d59af17f8f","block_type":"box","text":"sampled","page_number":296,"box":{"x":368,"y":362,"width":54,"height":12}},{"id":"82183e38-56e9-4869-96fd-848bf91ff1c4","block_type":"box","text":"spot functions. The named spot functions are predefined, so an","page_number":296,"box":{"x":427,"y":362,"width":407,"height":12}},{"id":"223a8ecf-86c4-49f8-b530-040ce0370322","block_type":"box","text":"application can implement them directly in code. When printing a PDF file to a","page_number":296,"box":{"x":341,"y":378,"width":515,"height":11}},{"id":"2cdb9538-33f9-49d2-8335-44bf8b494fab","block_type":"box","text":"PostScript printer or a Postscript language file, an application can insert the","page_number":296,"box":{"x":340,"y":393,"width":491,"height":11}},{"id":"67e65675-414e-44aa-8c1d-44a33fa2bb70","block_type":"box","text":"predefined PostScript code for each named function.","page_number":296,"box":{"x":340,"y":408,"width":341,"height":11}},{"id":"8a3f36e9-bec2-4a65-adf7-210d6d133e4b","block_type":"box","text":"Spot functions that do not correspond to any of the predefined set are sampled, and","page_number":296,"box":{"x":341,"y":437,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"a769b06a-4da3-407c-ad5b-e6d27e99292f","block_type":"box","text":"linear interpolation is used to approximate the function. For most functions, this is","page_number":296,"box":{"x":340,"y":452,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"a591a281-ac41-4273-9f11-ddab0602cf54","block_type":"box","text":"quite adequate, and the error introduced by sampling and interpolating is quite","page_number":296,"box":{"x":340,"y":467,"width":511,"height":12}},{"id":"591699f9-0ba0-4c0a-b59f-4c1b9ac5d537","block_type":"box","text":"small.","page_number":296,"box":{"x":341,"y":482,"width":37,"height":9}},{"id":"b914b2d0-59c1-4fa6-9143-6e78289b0b1d","block_type":"box","text":"Spot functions, however, are very sensitive to small errors. They are not used for","page_number":296,"box":{"x":341,"y":511,"width":524,"height":12}},{"id":"6c50cff2-a7d3-4622-987b-1b4de289eacd","block_type":"box","text":"their values, but rather for their","page_number":296,"box":{"x":340,"y":527,"width":203,"height":10}},{"id":"36c440ea-615a-479e-81b0-5f7bd39a7a73","block_type":"box","text":"relative","page_number":296,"box":{"x":548,"y":527,"width":48,"height":8}},{"id":"afa06bab-a050-4070-a587-056f8a11b52a","block_type":"box","text":"values. In a 5-by-5 halftone cell, for","page_number":296,"box":{"x":601,"y":527,"width":234,"height":11}},{"id":"b96c8567-4a77-481e-b6bc-03f9829dcbfc","block_type":"box","text":"example, the coordinates of each cell are passed to the spot function. The cell with","page_number":296,"box":{"x":340,"y":542,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"8fcd1cf8-0f70-4f55-ab94-c68d32a485d8","block_type":"box","text":"the smallest spot value is darkened first, and the cell with the greatest value is","page_number":296,"box":{"x":340,"y":557,"width":505,"height":11}},{"id":"c78b3d1d-09dd-4e19-9fef-2f68c48f8b5b","block_type":"box","text":"darkened last. If the values for two cells are interchanged because of an error in the","page_number":296,"box":{"x":340,"y":572,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"c36f2ea9-d58f-462d-a6f8-99b1fbeeddcd","block_type":"box","text":"approximation, no matter how small, then they darken in reverse order. This can","page_number":296,"box":{"x":341,"y":587,"width":521,"height":12}},{"id":"96f207dd-a535-472c-9e36-8841ee7ff0b0","block_type":"box","text":"produce visible differences in the spot. This is an issue only for high-resolution,","page_number":296,"box":{"x":340,"y":602,"width":520,"height":12}},{"id":"272993f1-6399-49d0-9806-e97fc8136b42","block_type":"box","text":"professional publishing applications.","page_number":296,"box":{"x":340,"y":618,"width":239,"height":11}},{"id":"4492479e-b2fd-49dd-a413-95d6e9deffa3","block_type":"box","text":"Sampled functions require interpolation, which takes more time than executing a","page_number":296,"box":{"x":341,"y":647,"width":526,"height":11}},{"id":"11ca8fc1-13a2-4c53-8c3e-35f7fa3e390b","block_type":"box","text":"function directly. The sample values themselves consume space in the PDF file and","page_number":296,"box":{"x":340,"y":662,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"f379e7a0-e786-49fa-a8f2-3ab5aec9735f","block_type":"box","text":"the PostScript file that is produced by the viewer. The PostScript file will also","page_number":296,"box":{"x":340,"y":677,"width":505,"height":11}},{"id":"2efb6ff3-f8fd-4d42-86dc-13fdd017f810","block_type":"box","text":"include an interpolation function.","page_number":296,"box":{"x":340,"y":692,"width":216,"height":11}},{"id":"25752470-55a6-4f19-97d4-e59712d7f68b","block_type":"box","text":"PDF 1.2 predefines several spot functions, intended to cover all of the common","page_number":296,"box":{"x":340,"y":721,"width":515,"height":11}},{"id":"4a5d3edb-609a-4222-ad08-9c43f7bda268","block_type":"box","text":"cases of spot functions found in desktop publishing and graphics applications. An","page_number":296,"box":{"x":340,"y":736,"width":532,"height":12}},{"id":"5d39bb6f-7000-4270-8a1c-52c9ab094279","block_type":"box","text":"application that uses a spot function that is very close to one of these may benefit","page_number":296,"box":{"x":341,"y":751,"width":528,"height":12}},{"id":"4b596695-d998-4048-831d-9c31ad2ae4c3","block_type":"box","text":"from using the predefined function instead.","page_number":296,"box":{"x":340,"y":767,"width":280,"height":11}},{"id":"e5b7224a-355c-4d72-9aba-d6eb08fc4aa6","block_type":"box","text":"Implementation note The Acrobat 3.0 Distiller samples spot functions over a 33-by-33 grid, producing","page_number":296,"box":{"x":168,"y":796,"width":701,"height":11}},{"id":"ed12c51b-2ca8-40ce-aa40-ab3e5019f241","block_type":"box","text":"about 1K of data (before compression). The Distiller attempts to match the","page_number":296,"box":{"x":340,"y":811,"width":487,"height":11}},{"id":"49e9b8ce-40b7-4f05-a4a3-a0c5dc4fb9fe","block_type":"box","text":"PostScript language source code of a spot function with the code for the predefined","page_number":296,"box":{"x":340,"y":826,"width":536,"height":11}},{"id":"8cef4876-2cb6-44da-9116-3367d22f8e8c","block_type":"box","text":"functions. If it fails to find a match with the source code, it samples the function","page_number":296,"box":{"x":338,"y":841,"width":520,"height":11}},{"id":"31a5964a-d9e6-44d0-82b4-e94fcca344fa","block_type":"box","text":"PDF 1.2","page_number":296,"box":{"x":913,"y":300,"width":58,"height":9}},{"id":"17308d46-3598-46ad-8f03-81740b79308c","block_type":"box","text":"November 12, 1996","page_number":297,"box":{"x":441,"y":18,"width":141,"height":11}},{"id":"ecd0fe23-7c05-424b-81d4-f3ba679c350d","block_type":"box","text":"13: Optimizing Images 299","page_number":297,"box":{"x":655,"y":905,"width":223,"height":12}},{"id":"3c719ebf-2c4a-4a4c-84a2-74685e10b224","block_type":"box","text":"and compares the results with sampled values of the predefined functions, so that a","page_number":297,"box":{"x":340,"y":87,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"0b2237b8-6349-4451-80f4-2bcec5326045","block_type":"box","text":"spot function that computes the same results as, say, InvertedDoubleDot, but uses","page_number":297,"box":{"x":340,"y":102,"width":532,"height":11}},{"id":"2703b8ae-bd55-4c12-a91a-76a78f9a83f6","block_type":"box","text":"different code to do so, will be treated as if the source code had matched.","page_number":297,"box":{"x":340,"y":117,"width":475,"height":12}},{"id":"b067d758-9dd0-4e70-ab91-614c2f67a79e","block_type":"box","text":"13: Optimizing Images November 12, 1996","page_number":298,"box":{"x":146,"y":18,"width":436,"height":12}},{"id":"13f04d1d-9e68-4bcd-8c51-e065e70d7f9d","block_type":"box","text":"300 Adobe Systems Inc.","page_number":298,"box":{"x":144,"y":905,"width":432,"height":11}},{"id":"e95a6160-9cd0-410b-bee7-c25501827d9e","block_type":"box","text":"PDF 1.2 Reference Manual November 12, 1996 14: Clipping and Blends","page_number":299,"box":{"x":145,"y":18,"width":733,"height":12}},{"id":"4e9390c5-b097-436d-acef-4c84fb8252ef","block_type":"box","text":"301","page_number":299,"box":{"x":852,"y":905,"width":23,"height":9}},{"id":"f0c6a5a7-e1ba-4055-9bfb-c62cbceb5cd3","block_type":"box","text":"CHAPTER","page_number":299,"box":{"x":390,"y":98,"width":85,"height":11}},{"id":"488d3871-e4ce-4c28-8b21-9db8c9c15758","block_type":"box","text":"14","page_number":299,"box":{"x":503,"y":92,"width":29,"height":16}},{"id":"946b70cb-1569-4d01-9127-3aba1dc1feb6","block_type":"box","text":"Clipping and Blends","page_number":299,"box":{"x":391,"y":180,"width":375,"height":29}},{"id":"6a7e1e5f-d603-4c8d-b79d-3a160f4e4046","block_type":"box","text":"Clipping restricts the areas on a page where marks can be made. It is similar to","page_number":299,"box":{"x":340,"y":269,"width":514,"height":11}},{"id":"f2eb5411-4433-4903-9972-525ff507eb96","block_type":"box","text":"using a stencil when painting or airbrushing. A stencil with one or more holes in it","page_number":299,"box":{"x":340,"y":284,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"12bca075-3fdc-4ff4-a6ae-6936caa172f5","block_type":"box","text":"is placed on a page. As long as the stencil remains in place, paint only reaches the","page_number":299,"box":{"x":340,"y":299,"width":533,"height":12}},{"id":"26d843cd-9756-49f0-9c8c-4c04fa249263","block_type":"box","text":"page through the holes in the stencil. After the stencil is removed, paint can again","page_number":299,"box":{"x":340,"y":314,"width":531,"height":12}},{"id":"a50c9ca3-477b-412c-ae82-854c04e54277","block_type":"box","text":"be applied anywhere on the page. More than one stencil may be used in the","page_number":299,"box":{"x":340,"y":330,"width":490,"height":11}},{"id":"e0fbca5f-d956-4d4e-ad4c-8b51ae51d155","block_type":"box","text":"production of a single page, and if a second stencil is added before the first one is","page_number":299,"box":{"x":340,"y":345,"width":530,"height":11}},{"id":"c7e4c041-7d25-4994-a2f8-e8cee663a291","block_type":"box","text":"removed, paint only reaches the page where there are holes in","page_number":299,"box":{"x":340,"y":360,"width":402,"height":11}},{"id":"d3f6f742-1f29-45c3-9f92-e3b049782c3c","block_type":"box","text":"both","page_number":299,"box":{"x":747,"y":360,"width":28,"height":9}},{"id":"9a33d89f-94a5-4102-bc45-4ec3320715a6","block_type":"box","text":"stencils.","page_number":299,"box":{"x":780,"y":360,"width":51,"height":9}},{"id":"f76ef73e-5605-46ba-904f-c8a88da046a8","block_type":"box","text":"Similarly, in producing a PDF page, one or more clipping paths may be used. 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\r\nQS\r\nVwWxXyYzZ123456aAbBcCdDeEfFgGhHiIjJkKlLmMnNoO\r\nR","page_number":301,"box":{"x":371,"y":739,"width":234,"height":6}},{"id":"77f2acff-e64c-4abb-96dc-14ce33443342","block_type":"box","text":"and \r\n3DENO\r\nPqQrRsStTuUvVwWxXyYzZ123456aAbBcCdDeEfFgGhH\r\njJkKlLmMnNoOpPqQrRsStTuUvVwWxXyYzZ123456","page_number":301,"box":{"x":373,"y":744,"width":229,"height":10}},{"id":"e9898a95-2d52-42cf-8f58-42628bb47104","block_type":"box","text":"and \r\nPQRS3DE\r\njJkKlLmMnNoOpPqQrRsStTuUvVwWxXyYzZ123456\r\nAbBcCdDeEfFgGhHiIjJkKlLmMnNoOpPqQrRsStT","page_number":301,"box":{"x":369,"y":750,"width":225,"height":10}},{"id":"c0887d3e-8848-4f4c-bfc0-7702d7a733fa","block_type":"box","text":"and \r\nNOPQRS3\r\nAbBcCdDeEfFgGhHiIjJkKlLmMnNoOpPqQrRsStTu\r\nVwWxXyYzZ123456aAbBcCdDeEfFgGhHiIjJkKlLmMnNoO","page_number":301,"box":{"x":373,"y":756,"width":227,"height":10}},{"id":"c58cf294-9ea3-43fd-b926-84a170338ffc","block_type":"box","text":"and 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The rectangle containing the","page_number":303,"box":{"x":342,"y":265,"width":499,"height":11}},{"id":"b5fbee54-2920-4955-98a8-0b308deea054","block_type":"box","text":"bitmap is painted with the current fill color. Immediately following this, the","page_number":303,"box":{"x":340,"y":280,"width":492,"height":12}},{"id":"97fa0c0a-49d6-4f10-b0a0-eb29eb651234","block_type":"box","text":"bitmap-derived clipping path is removed.","page_number":303,"box":{"x":340,"y":295,"width":267,"height":12}},{"id":"d2290230-17a3-4acd-8b60-03cde4ecb3bc","block_type":"box","text":"Image masks differ from images in two ways. First, when an image is drawn, all","page_number":303,"box":{"x":340,"y":324,"width":523,"height":12}},{"id":"3d2b2baa-f5a0-4cdf-9d0e-1a452f4270a4","block_type":"box","text":"pixels in the rectangle of the image are painted. 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Third-class names all begin with a specific prefix reserved by Adobe for","page_number":360,"box":{"x":360,"y":117,"width":515,"height":12}},{"id":"23eb0634-f409-4814-ada0-60d89e319522","block_type":"box","text":"private plug-ins; this prefix is","page_number":360,"box":{"x":360,"y":132,"width":190,"height":12}},{"id":"98d830d5-fec5-466c-8c4a-465a02408770","block_type":"box","text":"XX","page_number":360,"box":{"x":555,"y":132,"width":22,"height":9}},{"id":"571badd2-7180-4164-96bb-46e0ba1c375e","block_type":"box","text":". This prefix must be used as the first","page_number":360,"box":{"x":578,"y":132,"width":238,"height":12}},{"id":"db2367bd-c43c-4abb-aba5-fbdcb9e7042d","block_type":"box","text":"characters in the names of all private data added by the developer. 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Ideally, that means that any","page_number":361,"box":{"x":340,"y":284,"width":511,"height":11}},{"id":"a1ad86c6-70be-4291-80d0-6b3c55abfb0f","block_type":"box","text":"Acrobat viewer should be able to display the contents of any PDF file, even if the","page_number":361,"box":{"x":340,"y":299,"width":530,"height":12}},{"id":"44db5638-7cae-43fc-a9d6-866e7c1379d2","block_type":"box","text":"PDF file was created long before or long after the viewer. Of course, new versions","page_number":361,"box":{"x":340,"y":314,"width":534,"height":12}},{"id":"fc901d9f-6981-4db7-80ab-abf604d1bc13","block_type":"box","text":"of viewers are introduced to provide additional capabilities not present before.","page_number":361,"box":{"x":340,"y":330,"width":509,"height":11}},{"id":"63808d16-fce8-4aaf-9984-f2855f0c93e9","block_type":"box","text":"Furthermore, beginning with Acrobat 2.0, viewers may accept plug-in extensions,","page_number":361,"box":{"x":340,"y":345,"width":532,"height":11}},{"id":"835172eb-8a34-43fc-9f76-cc7192b9078c","block_type":"box","text":"making some Acrobat 2.0 viewers more capable than others depending on what","page_number":361,"box":{"x":340,"y":360,"width":518,"height":11}},{"id":"68a7d49b-22a4-4c36-a387-219a5aafd010","block_type":"box","text":"extensions are present. Both the viewers and PDF itself have been designed to","page_number":361,"box":{"x":340,"y":375,"width":508,"height":11}},{"id":"7b13793c-130a-4ba7-a657-ada4cc119ac9","block_type":"box","text":"enable users to view everything in the document that the viewer understands and to","page_number":361,"box":{"x":340,"y":390,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"a94dad0e-0f92-4103-83e5-2ccdb9ff96bb","block_type":"box","text":"ignore or inform the user about objects not understood. The decision whether to","page_number":361,"box":{"x":340,"y":405,"width":520,"height":12}},{"id":"62020fe1-7a58-4371-b2f5-3886a81b62bd","block_type":"box","text":"ignore or inform the user is made on a feature-by-feature basis.","page_number":361,"box":{"x":340,"y":420,"width":411,"height":12}},{"id":"ceb24f99-e837-4d6b-9e84-9eed41896915","block_type":"box","text":"The original PDF specification did not specify how a viewer should behave when it","page_number":361,"box":{"x":340,"y":450,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"6921ef88-7c55-41ac-829b-bc7276d8186b","block_type":"box","text":"reads a file that does not conform to the specification. This appendix provides this","page_number":361,"box":{"x":340,"y":465,"width":533,"height":11}},{"id":"5a7e870d-322b-4976-9c41-40aeb9508af9","block_type":"box","text":"information. The PDF version number associated with a file determines how it","page_number":361,"box":{"x":340,"y":480,"width":511,"height":9}},{"id":"d6e0e6bd-d634-4643-b197-f552e1130727","block_type":"box","text":"should be treated when a viewer encounters a problem.","page_number":361,"box":{"x":341,"y":495,"width":357,"height":11}},{"id":"f912049c-16ca-42a1-a9e8-d5a4789ec2d5","block_type":"box","text":"In addition, this appendix includes notes on the Adobe Acrobat implementation for","page_number":361,"box":{"x":340,"y":524,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"7c99bfcc-669e-4e7f-97b7-576563a6209d","block_type":"box","text":"details that are not strictly defined by the PDF specifications.","page_number":361,"box":{"x":340,"y":539,"width":396,"height":12}},{"id":"3d654fa3-a166-4937-a40d-c5a79021657b","block_type":"box","text":"G.1 Version numbers","page_number":361,"box":{"x":290,"y":574,"width":207,"height":11}},{"id":"26730a6e-427c-4e37-8165-d3391ea9148a","block_type":"box","text":"The PDF version number consists of a major and minor version. The version","page_number":361,"box":{"x":340,"y":609,"width":500,"height":11}},{"id":"aead5172-0f2e-4f1a-a56e-27a24488bbd7","block_type":"box","text":"number is part of the PDF header, the first line of the file. This header takes the","page_number":361,"box":{"x":340,"y":624,"width":515,"height":11}},{"id":"0f178e51-e834-4b6b-807c-f287afd373ae","block_type":"box","text":"form:","page_number":361,"box":{"x":340,"y":639,"width":35,"height":9}},{"id":"e1216244-39ef-47cf-b957-898b47ee3a12","block_type":"box","text":"%PDF-","page_number":361,"box":{"x":380,"y":668,"width":51,"height":9}},{"id":"5962a6a1-5d5a-4eee-85c7-50838891ae38","block_type":"box","text":"M.m","page_number":361,"box":{"x":433,"y":668,"width":31,"height":9}},{"id":"cd86394a-5b9c-437e-9ac1-969b773e3e3f","block_type":"box","text":"where","page_number":361,"box":{"x":340,"y":701,"width":39,"height":9}},{"id":"dbaf3302-f837-4ba3-9568-752b462c8af9","block_type":"box","text":"M","page_number":361,"box":{"x":385,"y":700,"width":14,"height":10}},{"id":"d58ee77a-75c8-4a7e-a058-9f9871f5b06a","block_type":"box","text":"is the major number and","page_number":361,"box":{"x":402,"y":701,"width":158,"height":11}},{"id":"eccc9e91-170c-4abf-8716-53d4b5738e59","block_type":"box","text":"m","page_number":361,"box":{"x":565,"y":703,"width":14,"height":7}},{"id":"b78fed58-57c7-4686-8444-b0f3f4a16fe1","block_type":"box","text":"is the minor number.","page_number":361,"box":{"x":582,"y":701,"width":134,"height":9}},{"id":"ffac13e0-eae8-43e1-abbd-caf567550d0d","block_type":"box","text":"If PDF changes in a way that current viewers will be unlikely to read a document","page_number":361,"box":{"x":340,"y":730,"width":529,"height":11}},{"id":"a8ca3025-1443-44f8-8060-3609b17c65a2","block_type":"box","text":"without a serious error, the major version number will be incremented. A serious","page_number":361,"box":{"x":340,"y":745,"width":525,"height":11}},{"id":"ec0e9505-c0b6-4d43-9f65-76ad8e24c4d2","block_type":"box","text":"error is an error that prevents pages from being viewed.","page_number":361,"box":{"x":340,"y":760,"width":360,"height":12}},{"id":"36722b0e-b317-4434-8e42-d3603cb63942","block_type":"box","text":"If PDF changes in a way that a viewer will display an error message but continue","page_number":361,"box":{"x":340,"y":789,"width":529,"height":12}},{"id":"6328b070-320a-43c0-953d-93ccd5a48869","block_type":"box","text":"its work, the minor version number will change. Adding new page description","page_number":361,"box":{"x":340,"y":804,"width":508,"height":12}},{"id":"ebdf34c4-5455-458d-974a-39e5cf8822bb","block_type":"box","text":"operators would require a change in the minor version number.","page_number":361,"box":{"x":340,"y":820,"width":409,"height":11}},{"id":"e0ee05fa-e22d-4621-a9b8-f40df73dd331","block_type":"box","text":"PDF 1.1","page_number":361,"box":{"x":913,"y":275,"width":56,"height":9}},{"id":"98f2f539-7988-4578-800a-f439dba1d31e","block_type":"box","text":": November 12, 1996","page_number":362,"box":{"x":145,"y":18,"width":437,"height":11}},{"id":"c26f46c3-97e5-4d9f-b3d1-fc14304906c1","block_type":"box","text":"364 Adobe Systems Inc.","page_number":362,"box":{"x":144,"y":905,"width":432,"height":11}},{"id":"3642f58a-9101-4832-a1ba-2992d429153c","block_type":"box","text":"If PDF changes in a way that current viewers are unlikely to detect, the version","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":87,"width":515,"height":11}},{"id":"27a06fca-17ef-4b16-b33a-8ec6e62d44bf","block_type":"box","text":"number need not change.This includes the addition of private data that can be","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":102,"width":505,"height":12}},{"id":"e23a49b3-9a78-41b4-b430-b83f66aa9101","block_type":"box","text":"gracefully ignored by consumers that do not understand that data. An example is","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":117,"width":525,"height":12}},{"id":"e54a2514-1440-4a72-a04c-39ac05ec4877","block_type":"box","text":"adding a key to a dictionary object such as the Catalog.","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":132,"width":359,"height":12}},{"id":"6fe0aee2-56fb-4a66-92b7-f5ef9a28cf38","block_type":"box","text":"An Acrobat viewer will try to read any file with a valid PDF header, even if the","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":162,"width":515,"height":11}},{"id":"c8fc413f-21f7-4ff0-be9b-592bb5c9bf54","block_type":"box","text":"version number is newer than the viewer itself. It will read without errors any file","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":177,"width":529,"height":11}},{"id":"35c409c4-9066-4074-a230-0a7db535789e","block_type":"box","text":"that does not require a plug-in, even if the version number is older than the viewer.","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":192,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"55ccd052-ec05-4e9f-9723-533702bae44e","block_type":"box","text":"Some documents may require a plug-in to display an annotation, follow a link, or","page_number":362,"box":{"x":341,"y":207,"width":530,"height":11}},{"id":"0207aaa5-0e5d-4767-8f00-17fd87663cee","block_type":"box","text":"execute an action. Viewer behavior in this situation is described below. However, a","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":222,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"8aeeecd4-04a0-4e8e-9edc-36c1936e098f","block_type":"box","text":"plug-in is never required to display the contents of a page.","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":237,"width":378,"height":12}},{"id":"d49f08a3-9329-4605-874d-fa3e0c837989","block_type":"box","text":"If a viewer opens a document with a newer major version number than it expects, it","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":266,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"6f4690a3-126a-40f7-99e6-19df3e1dca6a","block_type":"box","text":"warns the user that it is unlikely to be able to read the document successfully and","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":282,"width":529,"height":11}},{"id":"b6abf6b3-1b29-42cf-8321-408ca9590767","block_type":"box","text":"that the user will not be able to change or save the document. At the first error","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":297,"width":508,"height":11}},{"id":"efabf0bd-49cb-4d49-a8ff-d8578f7281e1","block_type":"box","text":"related to document processing, the viewer notifies the user that an error has","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":312,"width":496,"height":11}},{"id":"42eb601d-a4f3-40aa-a26f-d453d2d7f30e","block_type":"box","text":"occurred but that no further errors will be reported. (Some errors are always","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":327,"width":494,"height":11}},{"id":"171e792a-bb96-4564-8cac-7573a2f921a1","block_type":"box","text":"reported, including file I/O errors, extension loading errors, out-of-memory errors,","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":342,"width":534,"height":12}},{"id":"2393d236-4bdf-4120-9ae7-a45f138e2338","block_type":"box","text":"and notification that a command failed.) Processing continues if possible. Acrobat","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":357,"width":534,"height":12}},{"id":"8043862a-0d7a-4f4b-b840-1ef357ebe37b","block_type":"box","text":"Exchange does not permit a document with a newer major version number to be","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":372,"width":522,"height":12}},{"id":"a3bfac4a-55af-411c-947a-e61d0e6ca098","block_type":"box","text":"inserted into another document.","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":388,"width":206,"height":8}},{"id":"34e05de1-0768-4a8d-baa1-3ca4f0271224","block_type":"box","text":"If a viewer opens a document with a newer minor version number than it expects, it","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":417,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"c02800e9-9743-4b8b-a4b7-a54d4e5bc515","block_type":"box","text":"silently remembers the version number. Only if it encounters an error does it alert","page_number":362,"box":{"x":341,"y":432,"width":531,"height":11}},{"id":"23e5e3e9-7176-455a-bb7a-55fa814bca1c","block_type":"box","text":"the user. At this point it notifies the user that the document is newer than expected,","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":447,"width":534,"height":11}},{"id":"247199f6-7f52-4ee8-bc65-a182b5f6b610","block_type":"box","text":"that an error has occurred, and that no further errors will be reported. The","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":462,"width":478,"height":12}},{"id":"2569b21e-0a25-4694-b7b5-b34a082ee2e0","block_type":"box","text":"document may not be incrementally saved but can be saved to a new file. The saved","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":477,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"09ea87ba-71c3-4384-82c5-81435866adbb","block_type":"box","text":"file will continue to have the new version number. A user may insert a document","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":492,"width":524,"height":12}},{"id":"88c89c48-09e7-470b-b5a6-c7544acb949d","block_type":"box","text":"with a newer minor version into another document. The resulting document can be","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":508,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"5d3af1eb-322a-4653-93e9-57137c0189ef","block_type":"box","text":"saved. Its version number will be the maximum of the version number of the","page_number":362,"box":{"x":341,"y":523,"width":498,"height":9}},{"id":"77c9cc37-09c0-4e63-a293-70405eff026c","block_type":"box","text":"original document and the documents inserted into the original.","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":538,"width":413,"height":11}},{"id":"89b3ca14-bcd9-4cd1-86e7-f382263a599e","block_type":"box","text":"When opening a file, the Acrobat viewers are very liberal in their check for a valid","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":567,"width":535,"height":11}},{"id":"b6ff6984-83ae-422f-9090-4b63af52b8ac","block_type":"box","text":"PDF header. All viewers allow the header to appear anywhere in the first 1,000","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":582,"width":513,"height":12}},{"id":"d2ab1a1f-f6de-430b-8db9-b4f5a71e48b1","block_type":"box","text":"bytes of the file. The 1.0 viewers require only that “","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":597,"width":335,"height":12}},{"id":"46299482-7849-4499-ab39-28b2414776ad","block_type":"box","text":"%PDF-","page_number":362,"box":{"x":676,"y":597,"width":52,"height":9}},{"id":"f0b7ac59-5557-464e-805b-f3dc4f87a5df","block_type":"box","text":"” appear in the header,","page_number":362,"box":{"x":729,"y":597,"width":145,"height":12}},{"id":"e420ae7d-1779-41bd-bf7a-3aae9e47530a","block_type":"box","text":"but ignore the rest of the header. Subsequent viewers search for a header of the","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":612,"width":513,"height":12}},{"id":"075f5f65-9d5a-4fe9-b64b-4a0e00677564","block_type":"box","text":"form described above. However, they also accept a header of the form:","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":628,"width":459,"height":11}},{"id":"f7bcf75c-0fd1-4904-874f-4e1e857ec05b","block_type":"box","text":"%!PS-Adobe-","page_number":362,"box":{"x":380,"y":656,"width":97,"height":10}},{"id":"d7c416fb-eb38-44b4-9fde-40f939c2fbd3","block_type":"box","text":"N.n","page_number":362,"box":{"x":479,"y":656,"width":25,"height":9}},{"id":"dbe54979-bf65-4bfb-aa5d-17e9da0c1bc8","block_type":"box","text":"PDF-","page_number":362,"box":{"x":509,"y":656,"width":36,"height":9}},{"id":"0e22baa7-82ad-4d3b-95ae-9a90aae287d9","block_type":"box","text":"M.m","page_number":362,"box":{"x":547,"y":656,"width":32,"height":9}},{"id":"5b1d0098-0cc5-4f37-aea0-86d2f4e6968e","block_type":"box","text":"where","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":690,"width":39,"height":8}},{"id":"e2998650-79b3-45ea-88b3-aa58e24a107b","block_type":"box","text":"N.n","page_number":362,"box":{"x":385,"y":689,"width":25,"height":9}},{"id":"65a1ecb1-576f-4980-8472-50ff48f778f6","block_type":"box","text":"is an Adobe Document Structuring Conventions version number and","page_number":362,"box":{"x":414,"y":690,"width":445,"height":11}},{"id":"9308d467-ac5f-4574-aef1-6e03403c12bf","block_type":"box","text":"M.m","page_number":362,"box":{"x":341,"y":704,"width":31,"height":9}},{"id":"2759cd9d-ef60-4994-bf49-2f2759a5cad9","block_type":"box","text":"is a PDF version number. (The","page_number":362,"box":{"x":376,"y":705,"width":200,"height":11}},{"id":"d8409701-04d0-4cc5-8e02-3e3c66804a4f","block_type":"box","text":"PostScript Language Reference Manual","page_number":362,"box":{"x":580,"y":705,"width":261,"height":11}},{"id":"792ac2b2-b10d-44c2-9e08-6a51f8e6aba0","block_type":"box","text":"describes the Document Structuring Conventions).","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":720,"width":328,"height":11}},{"id":"a5f8c4b6-27f7-46f1-ba80-1f272fb7b4fb","block_type":"box","text":"G.2 Dictionary keys","page_number":362,"box":{"x":290,"y":755,"width":194,"height":14}},{"id":"ed4e8510-7013-4b8e-be4d-2a2c29515b1d","block_type":"box","text":"Adding key-value pairs not described in the PDF specification to dictionary objects","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":789,"width":535,"height":12}},{"id":"bf89f3a9-e45e-4df3-b067-b056b921db4f","block_type":"box","text":"usually does not affect the behavior of 1.0 viewers and never affects the behavior","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":804,"width":528,"height":12}},{"id":"09b8724f-459b-480f-bca4-892de481e40b","block_type":"box","text":"of subsequent viewers. These keys are ignored. If a dictionary object such as an","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":820,"width":519,"height":11}},{"id":"ffc6962a-b7b3-40e1-9d6b-dfc65b69046b","block_type":"box","text":"annotation is copied into another document during a page insertion (or in Acrobat","page_number":362,"box":{"x":340,"y":835,"width":532,"height":11}},{"id":"00fc314f-8cb3-4975-83e5-421dbcba9949","block_type":"box","text":"November 12, 1996","page_number":363,"box":{"x":441,"y":18,"width":141,"height":11}},{"id":"a036622f-ecec-4147-99c5-0c84f965917e","block_type":"box","text":":","page_number":363,"box":{"x":817,"y":908,"width":1,"height":6}},{"id":"1a537ed5-6c22-4d70-97c9-d01845280fd5","block_type":"box","text":"365","page_number":363,"box":{"x":852,"y":905,"width":26,"height":9}},{"id":"3b93fd7c-5828-499c-94f8-045f3569aa22","block_type":"box","text":"2.0 and 3.0 viewers during a page extraction), all key-value pairs are copied. 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